Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing Technologies and Products: A Comprehensive Review for Researchers and Clinicians

Overview

Journal Sensors (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2023 Nov 25

PMID 38005523

Authors

Daria Di Filippo

Frederique N Sunstrum

Jawairia U Khan

Alec W Welsh

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus incidence and its negative outcomes have dramatically increased worldwide and are expected to further increase in the future due to a combination of environmental and social factors. Several methods of measuring glucose concentration in various body compartments have been described in the literature over the years. Continuous advances in technology open the road to novel measuring methods and innovative measurement sites. The aim of this comprehensive review is to report all the methods and products for non-invasive glucose measurement described in the literature over the past five years that have been tested on both human subjects/samples and tissue models. A literature review was performed in the MDPI database, with 243 articles reviewed and 124 included in a narrative summary. Different comparisons of techniques focused on the mechanism of action, measurement site, and machine learning application, outlining the main advantages and disadvantages described/expected so far. This review represents a comprehensive guide for clinicians and industrial designers to sum the most recent results in non-invasive glucose sensing techniques' research and production to aid the progress in this promising field.

Citing Articles

On chip glucose sensing using guided waves at terahertz frequencies.

Haghighat M, Darcie T, Smith L Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1):30279.

PMID: 39632917 PMC: 11618766. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81731-1.

Additively manufactured microwave sensor for glucose level detection in saliva.

Piekarz I, Skarzynski K, Piekarz B, Wincza K, Gruszczynski S, Sloma M Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1):28235.

PMID: 39548327 PMC: 11568311. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79867-1.

Non-invasive glucose extraction by a single polarization rotator system in patients with diabetes.

Lo Y, Chen Y, Wang P, Chang C, Wei G, Hung W Biomed Opt Express. 2024; 15(8):4909-4924.

PMID: 39346983 PMC: 11427183. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.529032.

DEMIGOD: A Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Closed-Loop System Integrating Nanoengineered Sweat-Based Glucose Monitoring and Controlled Transdermal Nanoemulsion Release of Hypoglycemic Treatment with a Software Application for Noninvasive Personalized....

Fiska V, Papanikolaou E, Patila M, Prodromidis M, Trachioti M, Tzianni E Micromachines (Basel). 2024; 15(7).

PMID: 39064398 PMC: 11278575. DOI: 10.3390/mi15070887.

Oculomics: A Crusade Against the Four Horsemen of Chronic Disease.

Patterson E, Bounds A, Wagner S, Kadri-Langford R, Taylor R, Daly D Ophthalmol Ther. 2024; 13(6):1427-1451.

PMID: 38630354 PMC: 11109082. DOI: 10.1007/s40123-024-00942-x.

References

Li C, Chan M, Chang Y, Hsiao M . Gold Nanoparticles as a Biosensor for Cancer Biomarker Determination. Molecules. 2023; 28(1). PMC: 9822408. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010364. View

Heise H, Delbeck S, Marbach R . Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose Using Near-Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy of Skin-Constraints and Effective Novel Strategy in Multivariate Calibration. Biosensors (Basel). 2021; 11(3). PMC: 7997402. DOI: 10.3390/bios11030064. View

Bogue-Jimenez B, Huang X, Powell D, Doblas A . Selection of Noninvasive Features in Wrist-Based Wearable Sensors to Predict Blood Glucose Concentrations Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Sensors (Basel). 2022; 22(9). PMC: 9100498. DOI: 10.3390/s22093534. View

Todaro B, Begarani F, Sartori F, Luin S . Is Raman the best strategy towards the development of non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices for diabetes management?. Front Chem. 2022; 10:994272. PMC: 9548653. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.994272. View

Alhaddad A, Aly H, Gad H, Al-Ali A, Sadasivuni K, Cabibihan J . Sense and Learn: Recent Advances in Wearable Sensing and Machine Learning for Blood Glucose Monitoring and Trend-Detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022; 10:876672. PMC: 9135106. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.876672. View

Hlavatsch M, Mizaikoff B . Advanced mid-infrared lightsources above and beyond lasers and their analytical utility. Anal Sci. 2022; 38(9):1125-1139. PMC: 9420685. DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00133-3. View

Hina A, Saadeh W . Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using Near-Infrared Technology-A Review. Sensors (Basel). 2022; 22(13). PMC: 9268854. DOI: 10.3390/s22134855. View

Liu J, Li R, Yang B . Carbon Dots: A New Type of Carbon-Based Nanomaterial with Wide Applications. ACS Cent Sci. 2020; 6(12):2179-2195. PMC: 7760469. DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01306. View

Aloraynan A, Rassel S, Xu C, Ban D . A Single Wavelength Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Detection Using Machine Learning. Biosensors (Basel). 2022; 12(3). PMC: 8946023. DOI: 10.3390/bios12030166. View

10.

Kang J, Sang Park Y, Chang H, Lee W, Singh S, Choi W . Direct observation of glucose fingerprint using in vivo Raman spectroscopy. Sci Adv. 2020; 6(4):eaay5206. PMC: 6981082. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5206. View

11.

Amir O, Weinstein D, Zilberman S, Less M, Perl-Treves D, Primack H . Continuous noninvasive glucose monitoring technology based on "occlusion spectroscopy". J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009; 1(4):463-9. PMC: 2769638. DOI: 10.1177/193229680700100403. View

12.

Zhou J, Chizhik A, Chu S, Jin D . Single-particle spectroscopy for functional nanomaterials. Nature. 2020; 579(7797):41-50. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2048-8. View

13.

Shokrekhodaei M, Quinones S . Review of Non-invasive Glucose Sensing Techniques: Optical, Electrical and Breath Acetone. Sensors (Basel). 2020; 20(5). PMC: 7085605. DOI: 10.3390/s20051251. View

14.

Sun X . Glucose detection through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A review. Anal Chim Acta. 2022; 1206:339226. DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339226. View

15.

Gorst A, Zavyalova K, Yakubov V, Mironchev A, Zapasnoy A . Theoretical Simulation of the Near-Field Probe for Non-Invasive Measurements on Planar Layers with Biological Characteristics. Bioengineering (Basel). 2020; 7(4). PMC: 7712433. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040149. View

16.

Pham X, Seong B, Hahm E, Huynh K, Kim Y, Kim J . Glucose Detection of 4-Mercaptophenylboronic Acid-Immobilized Gold-Silver Core-Shell Assembled Silica Nanostructure by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021; 11(4). PMC: 8068217. DOI: 10.3390/nano11040948. View

17.

Mandal S, Manasreh M . An In-Vitro Optical Sensor Designed to Estimate Glycated Hemoglobin Levels. Sensors (Basel). 2018; 18(4). PMC: 5948830. DOI: 10.3390/s18041084. View

18.

Moreno-Oyervides A, Martin-Mateos P, Aguilera-Morillo M, Ulisse G, Arriba M, Durban M . Early, Non-Invasive Sensing of Sustained Hyperglycemia in Mice Using Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy. Sensors (Basel). 2019; 19(15). PMC: 6695793. DOI: 10.3390/s19153347. View

19.

Neves M, Martin-Yerga D . Advanced Nanoscale Approaches to Single-(Bio)entity Sensing and Imaging. Biosensors (Basel). 2018; 8(4). PMC: 6316691. DOI: 10.3390/bios8040100. View

20.

Zhong Q, Chen Y, Qin X, Wang Y, Yuan C, Xu Y . Colorimetric enzymatic determination of glucose based on etching of gold nanorods by iodine and using carbon quantum dots as peroxidase mimics. Mikrochim Acta. 2019; 186(3):161. DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3291-2. View