Effect of Digestion on Ursolic Acid Self-Stabilized Water-in-Oil Emulsion: Role of Bile Salts

Overview

Journal Foods

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2023 Oct 14

PMID 37835309

Authors

Yumeng Yan

Yugang Liu

Chaoxi Zeng

Huiping Xia

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Exploring the effect of bile salts on the properties of emulsion carriers containing hydrophobic bioactive compounds is particularly critical to understanding the stability and bioavailability of these hydrophobic bioactive compounds in the digestive process. In this study, the effects of bile salts on the stability and digestive characteristics of the ursolic acid (UA) self-stabilized water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion were investigated via static and dynamic (with or without enzyme) in vitro simulated digestive systems. The results showed that under the static system, the basic conditions had less interference, while the bile salts had a significant effect on the appearance and microstructure of the emulsion. The primary mechanism of emulsion instability is hydrophobic binding and depletion flocculation. Under the dynamic condition, it was found that the low concentrations of bile salts can promote the release amount and the rate of free fatty acids via displacement, while high concentrations of bile salts inhibit the decomposition of lipid, which may be related to the secondary coverage formed at the interface by the bile salts. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the digestive behavior of the UA emulsion and its interaction with bile salts, which are conducive to developing and designing new emulsions to improve the bioaccessibility of UA.

References

Winuprasith T, Chantarak S, Suphantharika M, He L, McClements D . Alterations in nanoparticle protein corona by biological surfactants: impact of bile salts on β-lactoglobulin-coated gold nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2014; 426:333-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.018. View

Lu Y, Kan H, Wang Y, Wang D, Wang X, Gao J . Asiatic acid ameliorates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats via mitochondria-targeted protective mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2017; 338:214-223. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.023. View

Jamkhande P, Pathan S, Wadher S . In silico PASS analysis and determination of antimycobacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant efficacies of maslinic acid in an extract rich in pentacyclic triterpenoids. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016; 5(4):417-425. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.06.020. View

Kaps A, Gwiazdon P, Chodurek E . Nanoformulations for Delivery of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Anticancer Therapies. Molecules. 2021; 26(6). PMC: 8004206. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061764. View

Zhong Y, Liang N, Liu Y, Cheng M . Recent progress on betulinic acid and its derivatives as antitumor agents: a mini review. Chin J Nat Med. 2021; 19(9):641-647. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(21)60097-3. View

Ozturk B, Argin S, Ozilgen M, McClements D . Nanoemulsion delivery systems for oil-soluble vitamins: Influence of carrier oil type on lipid digestion and vitamin D3 bioaccessibility. Food Chem. 2015; 187:499-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.065. View

Parker R, Rigby N, Ridout M, Gunning A, Wilde P . The adsorption-desorption behaviour and structure function relationships of bile salts. Soft Matter. 2014; 10(34):6457-66. DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01093k. View

Kalantzi L, Goumas K, Kalioras V, Abrahamsson B, Dressman J, Reppas C . Characterization of the human upper gastrointestinal contents under conditions simulating bioavailability/bioequivalence studies. Pharm Res. 2005; 23(1):165-76. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-8476-1. View

Euston S, Baird W, Campbell L, Kuhns M . Competitive adsorption of dihydroxy and trihydroxy bile salts with whey protein and casein in oil-in-water emulsions. Biomacromolecules. 2013; 14(6):1850-8. DOI: 10.1021/bm4002443. View

10.

Liu S, Liu H, Zhang L, Ma C, Abd El-Aty A . Edible pentacyclic triterpenes: A review of their sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, self-assembly behavior, and emerging applications as functional delivery vehicles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022; 64(16):5203-5219. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2153238. View

11.

Valdes K, Morales J, Rodriguez L, Gunther G . Potential use of nanocarriers with pentacyclic triterpenes in cancer treatments. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2016; 11(23):3139-3156. DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0251. View

12.

Davidov-Pardo G, McClements D . Nutraceutical delivery systems: resveratrol encapsulation in grape seed oil nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsification. Food Chem. 2014; 167:205-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.082. View

13.

Morris V, Gunning A . Microscopy, microstructure and displacement of proteins from interfaces: implications for food quality and digestion. Soft Matter. 2020; 4(5):943-951. DOI: 10.1039/b718904d. View

14.

Maldonado-Valderrama J, Wilde P, Macierzanka A, Mackie A . The role of bile salts in digestion. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2011; 165(1):36-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.12.002. View

15.

Reis P, Watzke H, Leser M, Holmberg K, Miller R . Interfacial mechanism of lipolysis as self-regulated process. Biophys Chem. 2010; 147(3):93-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.01.005. View

16.

Ma J, Huang X, Yin S, Yu Y, Yang X . Bioavailability of quercetin in zein-based colloidal particles-stabilized Pickering emulsions investigated by the in vitro digestion coupled with Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Food Chem. 2021; 360:130152. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130152. View

17.

Reis P, Holmberg K, Watzke H, Leser M, Miller R . Lipases at interfaces: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2008; 147-148:237-50. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.06.001. View

18.

Furtado N, Pirson L, Edelberg H, M Miranda L, Loira-Pastoriza C, Preat V . Pentacyclic Triterpene Bioavailability: An Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Molecules. 2017; 22(3). PMC: 6155290. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030400. View

19.

Martin D, Navarro Del Hierro J, Villanueva Bermejo D, Fernandez-Ruiz R, Fornari T, Reglero G . Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Calendula officinalis Supercritical Extract as Affected by in Vitro Codigestion with Olive Oil. J Agric Food Chem. 2016; 64(46):8828-8837. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04313. View

20.

Tan Y, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Xiao H, McClements D . Factors impacting lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility assessed by standardized gastrointestinal model (INFOGEST): oil droplet concentration. Food Funct. 2020; 11(8):7126-7137. DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01506g. View