Assessment of Different Factors on the Influence of Glass Wool Concentration for Detection of Main Swine Viruses in Water Samples

Overview

Journal PeerJ

Specialties Biology
Environmental Health
General Medicine

Date 2023 Oct 9

PMID 37810768

Authors

Jie Fan

Hongjian Chen

Wenbo Song

Hao Yang

Rui Xie

Mengfei Zhao

Wenqing Wu

Zhong Peng

Bin Wu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Viruses existed in wastewaters might pose a biosecurity risk to human and animal health. However, it is generally difficult to detect viruses in wastewater directly as they usually occur in low numbers in water. Therefore, processing large volumes of water to concentrate viruses in a much smaller final volume for detection is necessary. Glass wool has been recognized as an effective material to concentrate multiple in water, and in this study, we assessed the use of glass wools on concentrating pseudorabies virus (PRV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in water samples. The influence of pH values, water matrix, water volume, filtration rate, temperature on the effect of the method concentrating these viruses for detection was evaluated in laboratory. Our results revealed that glass wool was suitable for the concentration of above-mentioned viruses from different water samples, and demonstrated a good application effect for water with pH between 6.0-9.0. Furthermore, glass wool also showed a good recovery effect on concentrating viral nucleic acids and viral particles, as well as living viruses. In addition, combining use of glass wool with skim milk, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-NaCl, or ultracentrifuge had good effects on concentrating ASFV, PRV, and PEDV. Detection of wastewater samples ( = 70) collected from 70 pig farms in 13 regions across Hubei Province in Central China after glass-wool-concentration determined one sample positive for ASFV, eighteen samples positive for PRV, but no sample positive for PEDV. However, these positive samples were detected to be negative before glass wool enrichment was implemented. Our results suggest that glass wool-based water concentration method developed in this study represents an effective tool for detecting viruses in wastewater.

Citing Articles

Advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus research: genome, epidemiology, vaccines, and detection methods.

Zhuang L, Zhao Y, Shen J, Sun L, Hao P, Yang J Discov Nano. 2025; 20(1):48.

PMID: 40029472 PMC: 11876513. DOI: 10.1186/s11671-025-04220-y.

References

Zhao M, Xie R, Wang S, Huang X, Yang H, Wu W . Identification of a broad-spectrum lytic Myoviridae bacteriophage using multidrug resistant Salmonella isolates from pig slaughterhouses as the indicator and its application in combating Salmonella infections. BMC Vet Res. 2022; 18(1):270. PMC: 9277904. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03372-8. View

Sedji M, Varbanov M, Meo M, Colin M, Mathieu L, Bertrand I . Quantification of human adenovirus and norovirus in river water in the north-east of France. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25(30):30497-30507. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3045-4. View

Perez-Sautu U, Sano D, Guix S, Kasimir G, Pinto R, Bosch A . Human norovirus occurrence and diversity in the Llobregat river catchment, Spain. Environ Microbiol. 2011; 14(2):494-502. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02642.x. View

Fioretti J, Fumian T, Rocha M, Dos Santos I, Carvalho-Costa F, de Assis M . Surveillance of Noroviruses in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: Occurrence of New GIV Genotype in Clinical and Wastewater Samples. Food Environ Virol. 2017; 10(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9308-2. View

Xia L, Sun Q, Wang J, Chen Q, Liu P, Shen C . Epidemiology of pseudorabies in intensive pig farms in Shanghai, China: Herd-level prevalence and risk factors. Prev Vet Med. 2018; 159:51-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.08.013. View

Dixon L, Sun H, Roberts H . African swine fever. Antiviral Res. 2019; 165:34-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.018. View

Ikner L, Gerba C, Bright K . Concentration and recovery of viruses from water: a comprehensive review. Food Environ Virol. 2013; 4(2):41-67. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9080-2. View

Dixon L, Stahl K, Jori F, Vial L, Pfeiffer D . African Swine Fever Epidemiology and Control. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2019; 8:221-246. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083741. View

Lin Y, Cao C, Shi W, Huang C, Zeng S, Sun J . Development of a triplex real-time PCR assay for detection and differentiation of gene-deleted and wild-type African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods. 2020; 280:113875. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113875. View

10.

Adefisoye M, Nwodo U, Green E, Okoh A . Quantitative PCR Detection and Characterisation of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Discharged Effluents of Two Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Food Environ Virol. 2016; 8(4):262-274. PMC: 5093187. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9246-4. View

11.

Mabasa V, van Zyl W, Ismail A, Allam M, Taylor M, Mans J . Multiple Novel Human Norovirus Recombinants Identified in Wastewater in Pretoria, South Africa by Next-Generation Sequencing. Viruses. 2022; 14(12). PMC: 9788511. DOI: 10.3390/v14122732. View

12.

Wu K, Liu J, Wang L, Fan S, Li Z, Li Y . Current State of Global African Swine Fever Vaccine Development under the Prevalence and Transmission of ASF in China. Vaccines (Basel). 2020; 8(3). PMC: 7564663. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030531. View

13.

Kiulia N, Netshikweta R, Page N, van Zyl W, Kiraithe M, Nyachieo A . The detection of enteric viruses in selected urban and rural river water and sewage in Kenya, with special reference to rotaviruses. J Appl Microbiol. 2010; 109(3):818-28. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04710.x. View

14.

Amdiouni H, Maunula L, Hajjami K, Faouzi A, Soukri A, Nourlil J . Recovery comparison of two virus concentration methods from wastewater using cell culture and real-time PCR. Curr Microbiol. 2012; 65(4):432-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0174-8. View

15.

Lambertini E, Spencer S, Bertz P, Loge F, Kieke B, Borchardt M . Concentration of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses from drinking water by use of glass wool filters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008; 74(10):2990-6. PMC: 2394941. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02246-07. View

16.

Zhou X, Li N, Luo Y, Liu Y, Miao F, Chen T . Emergence of African Swine Fever in China, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018; 65(6):1482-1484. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12989. View

17.

Blanco A, Abid I, Al-Otaibi N, Perez-Rodriguez F, Fuentes C, Guix S . Glass Wool Concentration Optimization for the Detection of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Waterborne Viruses. Food Environ Virol. 2019; 11(2):184-192. PMC: 7090506. DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09378-0. View

18.

Naidoo S, Olaniran A . Treated wastewater effluent as a source of microbial pollution of surface water resources. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013; 11(1):249-70. PMC: 3924443. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100249. View

19.

Berg M, Yamaguchi J, Alessandri-Gradt E, Tell R, Plantier J, Brennan C . A Pan-HIV Strategy for Complete Genome Sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 54(4):868-82. PMC: 4809961. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02479-15. View

20.

Calgua B, Mengewein A, Grunert A, Bofill-Mas S, Clemente-Casares P, Hundesa A . Development and application of a one-step low cost procedure to concentrate viruses from seawater samples. J Virol Methods. 2008; 153(2):79-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.003. View