A Toolkit for Individualizing Interventions to Mitigate Second-victim Syndrome in a Diverse Surgery Community

Adverse outcomes are an inevitable consequence of surgical care. The term "second victim" was introduced by Wu to describe the emotional trauma experienced by a clinician who feels responsibility for an adverse clinical outcome. Second victims may feel shame, guilt, sadness, and a crisis of confidence. Surgeons rarely seek professional support following an adverse event but are more likely to confide in colleagues. Surgeons who represent groups traditionally underrepresented in medicine may be less likely to seek assistance following an adverse clinical outcome. There is a need for surgeons to have sufficient training to provide peer-to-peer support for wounded colleagues. The PEARLS Toolkit provides a blueprint toward this end.