The Practice of Enteral Nutrition: Clinical Evidence for Feeding Protocols

Overview

Journal Clin Perinatol

Date 2023 Aug 3

PMID 37536767

Authors

Ariel A Salas

Colm P Travers

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Establishing full enteral nutrition in critically ill preterm infants with immature gastrointestinal function is challenging. In this article, we will summarize emerging clinical evidence from randomized clinical trials suggesting the feasibility and efficacy of feeding interventions targeting the early establishment of full enteral nutrition. We will also examine trial outcomes of higher volume feedings after the establishment of full enteral nutrition. Only data from randomized clinical trials will be discussed extensively. Future opportunities for clinical research will also be presented.

Citing Articles

Nutritional Strategies for Preterm Neonates and Preterm Neonates Undergoing Surgery: New Insights for Practice and Wrong Beliefs to Uproot.

De Rose D, Lapillonne A, Iacobelli S, Capolupo I, Dotta A, Salvatori G Nutrients. 2024; 16(11).

PMID: 38892652 PMC: 11174646. DOI: 10.3390/nu16111719.

References

Klingenberg C, Embleton N, Jacobs S, OConnell L, Kuschel C . Enteral feeding practices in very preterm infants: an international survey. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011; 97(1):F56-61. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2010.204123. View

Saenz de Pipaon M, VanBeek R, Quero J, Perez J, Wattimena D, Sauer P . Effect of minimal enteral feeding on splanchnic uptake of leucine in the postabsorptive state in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2003; 53(2):281-7. DOI: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000047519.22873.3F. View

McClure R, Newell S . Randomised controlled study of clinical outcome following trophic feeding. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000; 82(1):F29-33. PMC: 1721038. DOI: 10.1136/fn.82.1.f29. View

Morgan J, Bombell S, McGuire W . Early trophic feeding versus enteral fasting for very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; (3):CD000504. PMC: 11480887. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000504.pub4. View

Bell E, Warburton D, Stonestreet B, Oh W . Effect of fluid administration on the development of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus and congestive heart failure in premature infants. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302(11):598-604. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198003133021103. View

Karagianni P, Briana D, Mitsiakos G, Elias A, Theodoridis T, Chatziioannidis E . Early versus delayed minimal enteral feeding and risk for necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm growth-restricted infants with abnormal antenatal Doppler results. Am J Perinatol. 2009; 27(5):367-73. DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1243310. View

Perez L, Pradilla G, Diaz G, Bayter S . [Necrotizing enterocolitis among preterm newborns with early feeding]. Biomedica. 2012; 31(4):485-91. DOI: 10.1590/S0120-41572011000400003. View

Torrazza R, Parker L, Li Y, Talaga E, Shuster J, Neu J . The value of routine evaluation of gastric residuals in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2014; 35(1):57-60. PMC: 5446673. DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.147. View

Fusch C, Jochum F . Water, sodium, potassium and chloride. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2014; 110:99-120. DOI: 10.1159/000358461. View

10.

Amin H, Zamora S, McMillan D, Fick G, Butzner J, Parsons H . Arginine supplementation prevents necrotizing enterocolitis in the premature infant. J Pediatr. 2002; 140(4):425-31. DOI: 10.1067/mpd.2002.123289. View

11.

Patel E, Head W, Rohrer A, Ryan R, Lesher A . A quality improvement initiative to standardize time to initiation of enteral feeds after non-surgical necrotizing enterocolitis using a consensus-based guideline. J Perinatol. 2022; 42(4):522-527. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01324-6. View

12.

Salas A, Cuna A, Bhat R, McGwin Jr G, Carlo W, Ambalavanan N . A randomised trial of re-feeding gastric residuals in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015; 100(3):F224-8. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307067. View

13.

Hans D, Pylipow M, Long J, Thureen P, Georgieff M . Nutritional practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: analysis of a 2006 neonatal nutrition survey. Pediatrics. 2009; 123(1):51-7. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-3644. View

14.

Commare C, Tappenden K . Development of the infant intestine: implications for nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007; 22(2):159-73. DOI: 10.1177/0115426507022002159. View

15.

Salas A, Li P, Parks K, Lal C, Martin C, Carlo W . Early progressive feeding in extremely preterm infants: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018; 107(3):365-370. PMC: 6692650. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy012. View

16.

McKeown R, Marsh T, Amarnath U, Garrison C, Addy C, Thompson S . Role of delayed feeding and of feeding increments in necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr. 1992; 121(5 Pt 1):764-70. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81913-4. View

17.

Kuschel C, Evans N, Askie L, Bredemeyer S, Nash J, Polverino J . A randomized trial of enteral feeding volumes in infants born before 30 weeks' gestation. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000; 36(6):581-6. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00577.x. View

18.

Bhatia A, Feddersen R, Musemeche C . The role of luminal nutrients in intestinal injury from mesenteric reperfusion and platelet-activating factor in the developing rat. J Surg Res. 1996; 63(1):152-6. DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1996.0239. View

19.

Askie L, Darlow B, Finer N, Schmidt B, Stenson B, Tarnow-Mordi W . Association Between Oxygen Saturation Targeting and Death or Disability in Extremely Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis Collaboration. JAMA. 2018; 319(21):2190-2201. PMC: 6583054. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.5725. View

20.

Abiramalatha T, Thomas N, Thanigainathan S . High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 3:CD012413. PMC: 8092452. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012413.pub3. View