Language Exposure Outside the Home Becomes More English-dominant from 30 to 60 Months for Children from Spanish-speaking Homes in the United States

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to document the out-of-home exposure to English and Spanish experienced by children from Spanish-speaking homes in the United States during the preschool years.

Methodology: Primary caregivers of 149 children from Spanish-speaking homes in South Florida reported on their children's language exposure.

Data And Analysis: Descriptive statistics and paired-samples -tests described and compared children's exposure to English and Spanish outside the home. Multi-level modeling described trajectories of change and the influence of family characteristics on English and Spanish out-of-home exposure.

Findings: Children heard more English than Spanish outside of their homes. Grandparents were the primary out-of-home source of exposure to Spanish. Language exposure in preschool and extracurricular activities was primarily English. From 30 to 60 months, English exposure increased, while Spanish exposure decreased. Within this general pattern, there was variability in children's out-of-home language exposure as a function of parents' language backgrounds and maternal education.

Originality: Studies of bilingual children's language exposure have focused on home language use. The present study shows that out-of-home experiences are a significant source of exposure to societal language (SL) for children from language minority homes.

Implications: For children in immigrant families, the home and family members outside the home are the primary sources of heritage language exposure. Out-of-home language experience is SL-dominant and increasingly so as children get older, although the degree to which this is the case differs depending on parental characteristics.