I-Shaped Dimers of a Plant Chloroplast FF-ATP Synthase in Response to Changes in Ionic Strength

F-type ATP synthases play a key role in oxidative and photophosphorylation processes generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for most biochemical reactions in living organisms. In contrast to the mitochondrial FF-ATP synthases, those of chloroplasts are known to be mostly monomers with approx. 15% fraction of oligomers interacting presumably non-specifically in a thylakoid membrane. To shed light on the nature of this difference we studied interactions of the chloroplast ATP synthases using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method. Here, we report evidence of I-shaped dimerization of solubilized FF-ATP synthases from spinach chloroplasts at different ionic strengths. The structural data were obtained by SAXS and demonstrated dimerization in response to ionic strength. The best model describing SAXS data was two ATP-synthases connected through F/F' parts, presumably via their δ-subunits, forming "I" shape dimers. Such I-shaped dimers might possibly connect the neighboring lamellae in thylakoid stacks assuming that the FF monomers comprising such dimers are embedded in parallel opposing stacked thylakoid membrane areas. If this type of dimerization exists in nature, it might be one of the pathways of inhibition of chloroplast FF-ATP synthase for preventing ATP hydrolysis in the dark, when ionic strength in plant chloroplasts is rising. Together with a redox switch inserted into a γ-subunit of chloroplast FF and lateral oligomerization, an I-shaped dimerization might comprise a subtle regulatory process of ATP synthesis and stabilize the structure of thylakoid stacks in chloroplasts.