Metabolic Biomarkers of Red Beetroot Juice Intake at Rest and After Physical Exercise

Overview

Journal Nutrients

Date 2023 Jul 11

PMID 37432172

Authors

Ottavia Giampaoli

Cristian Ieno

Fabio Sciubba

Mariangela Spagnoli

Alfredo Miccheli

Alberta Tomassini

Walter Aureli

Luigi Fattorini

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Red beetroot is known to be a health-promoting food. However, little attention is placed on intestinal bioactive compound absorption. The aim of the study was to assess the urinary red beetroot juice (RBJ) intake biomarkers and possible differences in RBJ's micronutrient absorption at rest or after physical exercise.

Methods: This is a three-armed, single-blind study, involving seven healthy volunteers which were randomly divided into three groups and alternatively assigned to three experimental sessions: RBJ intake at rest, RBJ intake with physical activity, and placebo intake with physical activity. For each session, urine samples were collected before and 120, 180, and 240 min after the intake of RBJ or placebo. The same sampling times were employed for the experimental session at rest. The RBJ metabolic composition was also characterized to identify the urinary biomarkers derived from the intake.

Results: 4-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid, dopamine-3-O-sulfate, glutamine, and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate were identified as RBJ intake biomarkers. Physical activity significantly increased only the dopamine-3-O-sulfate excretion 120 min after RBJ intake.

Conclusions: Urinary dopamine-3-O-sulfate is related to RBJ dopamine content, while 4-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid is a betanin or betalamic acid catabolite. The different excretions of these metabolites following physical activity suggest a possible effect on the RBJ uptake depending on different transport processes through the mucosa, namely diffusion-mediated transport for dopamine and saturable transcellular transport for betalamic acid derivatives. These results open new perspectives in improving the absorption of natural bioactive molecules through physical activity.

Citing Articles

NMR-based metabolomics for investigating urinary profiles of metal carpentry workers exposed to welding fumes and volatile organic compounds.

De Rosa M, Giampaoli O, Sciubba F, Marini F, Tranfo G, Sisto R Front Public Health. 2024; 12:1386441.

PMID: 39171307 PMC: 11335539. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386441.

References

Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G . Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules. 2021; 26(9). PMC: 8123435. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520. View

Barajas-Galindo D, Gonzalez Arnaiz E, Ferrero Vicente P, Ballesteros-Pomar M . Effects of physical exercise in sarcopenia. A systematic review. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed). 2021; 68(3):159-169. DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2020.02.007. View

Balsalobre-Fernandez C, Romero-Moraleda B, Cupeiro R, Peinado A, Butragueno J, Benito P . The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on exercise economy, rating of perceived exertion and running mechanics in elite distance runners: A double-blinded, randomized study. PLoS One. 2018; 13(7):e0200517. PMC: 6040767. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200517. View

Hood D, Terjung R . Amino acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training. Sports Med. 1990; 9(1):23-35. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199009010-00003. View

Hadadi N, Berweiler V, Wang H, Trajkovski M . Intestinal microbiota as a route for micronutrient bioavailability. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res. 2021; 20:100285. PMC: 7611859. DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2021.100285. View

Dokladny K, Zuhl M, Moseley P . Intestinal epithelial barrier function and tight junction proteins with heat and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015; 120(6):692-701. PMC: 4868372. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00536.2015. View

Aoyama K, Matsubara K, Okada K, Fukushima S, Shimizu K, Yamaguchi S . N-methylation ability for azaheterocyclic amines is higher in Parkinson's disease: nicotinamide loading test. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2000; 107(8-9):985-95. DOI: 10.1007/s007020070047. View

Dominguez R, Cuenca E, Mate-Munoz J, Garcia-Fernandez P, Serra-Paya N, Lozano Estevan M . Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Athletes. A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2017; 9(1). PMC: 5295087. DOI: 10.3390/nu9010043. View

Agostini F, Biolo G . Effect of physical activity on glutamine metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009; 13(1):58-64. DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328332f946. View

10.

Wang X, Niu C, Lu J, Li N, Li J . Hydrolyzed protein supplementation improves protein content and peroxidation of skeletal muscle by adjusting the plasma amino acid spectrums in rats after exhaustive swimming exercise: a pilot study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014; 11(1):5. PMC: 3945952. DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-5. View

11.

Pechlivanis A, Kostidis S, Saraslanidis P, Petridou A, Tsalis G, Mougios V . (1)H NMR-based metabonomic investigation of the effect of two different exercise sessions on the metabolic fingerprint of human urine. J Proteome Res. 2010; 9(12):6405-16. DOI: 10.1021/pr100684t. View

12.

Shing C, Peake J, Lim C, Briskey D, Walsh N, Fortes M . Effects of probiotics supplementation on gastrointestinal permeability, inflammation and exercise performance in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013; 114(1):93-103. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2748-y. View

13.

Kiela P, Ghishan F . Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2016; 30(2):145-59. PMC: 4956471. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.02.007. View

14.

Andersen M, Kristensen M, Manach C, Pujos-Guillot E, Poulsen S, Larsen T . Discovery and validation of urinary exposure markers for different plant foods by untargeted metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2014; 406(7):1829-44. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7498-5. View

15.

Steinbacher P, Eckl P . Impact of oxidative stress on exercising skeletal muscle. Biomolecules. 2015; 5(2):356-77. PMC: 4496677. DOI: 10.3390/biom5020356. View

16.

Kumar N, Goel N . Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2019; 24:e00370. PMC: 6734135. DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370. View

17.

Frank T, Stintzing F, Carle R, Bitsch I, Quaas D, Strass G . Urinary pharmacokinetics of betalains following consumption of red beet juice in healthy humans. Pharmacol Res. 2005; 52(4):290-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.04.005. View

18.

Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Butera D, Livrea M . Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: potential health effects of betalains in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(4):941-5. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.941. View

19.

Lucia A, Sanchez O, Carvajal A, Chicharro J . Analysis of the aerobic-anaerobic transition in elite cyclists during incremental exercise with the use of electromyography. Br J Sports Med. 1999; 33(3):178-85. PMC: 1756168. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.33.3.178. View

20.

Dekany M, Nemeskeri V, Gyore I, Harbula I, Malomsoki J, Pucsok J . Antioxidant status of interval-trained athletes in various sports. Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27(2):112-6. DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-865634. View