Characterizing Three Azides for Their Potential Use As Anesthetics

Overview

Journal MicroPubl Biol

Specialty Biology

Date 2023 Apr 21

PMID 37082349

Authors

Shasha Tu

Jiangyun Li

Kui Zhang

Jianping Chen

Wenxing Yang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Sodium azide (NaN ) is widely used as an anesthetic in the community for studying animal behavior. It is not known whether other azides can function as anesthetics. This is quite important for the labs in which NaN is not a convenient choice, such as all the labs located in China, where NaN is under tight regulation, and alternative anesthetics need to be characterized. In the present study, we focused on another three azides, potassium azide (KN ), trimethylsilyl azide (TMSA), and diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA), which are not regulated in China. We characterized their performance in chemotactic behavioral assays and buffer-based assays. Our results suggest that KN can immobilize worms as effectively as NaN in the above-mentioned assays. Therefore, we recommend KN as a routine anesthetic for labs.

Citing Articles

The effect of common paralytic agents used for fluorescence imaging on redox tone and ATP levels in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Morton K, Wahl A, Meyer J PLoS One. 2024; 19(4):e0292415.

PMID: 38669260 PMC: 11051652. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292415.

References

Chen W, Lemieux G, Camp Jr C, Chang T, Ashrafi K, Cicerone M . Spectroscopic coherent Raman imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans reveals lipid particle diversity. Nat Chem Biol. 2020; 16(10):1087-1095. PMC: 7789959. DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0565-2. View

Rajasekharan S, Raorane C, Lee J . LED based real-time survival bioassays for nematode research. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1):11531. PMC: 6070477. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30016-5. View

Tsubaki M . Fourier-transform infrared study of azide binding to the Fea3-CuB binuclear site of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase: new evidence for a redox-linked conformational change at the binuclear site. Biochemistry. 1993; 32(1):174-82. DOI: 10.1021/bi00052a023. View

Anyanful A, Dolan-Livengood J, Lewis T, Sheth S, DeZalia M, Sherman M . Paralysis and killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli requires the bacterial tryptophanase gene. Mol Microbiol. 2005; 57(4):988-1007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04739.x. View

Margie O, Palmer C, Chin-Sang I . C. elegans chemotaxis assay. J Vis Exp. 2013; (74):e50069. PMC: 3667641. DOI: 10.3791/50069. View

Delgado-Cortes M, Espinosa-Oliva A, Sarmiento M, Arguelles S, Herrera A, Maurino R . Synergistic deleterious effect of chronic stress and sodium azide in the mouse hippocampus. Chem Res Toxicol. 2015; 28(4):651-61. DOI: 10.1021/tx5004408. View

Fang-Yen C, Gabel C, Samuel A, Bargmann C, Avery L . Laser microsurgery in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Cell Biol. 2012; 107:177-206. PMC: 3617498. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394620-1.00006-0. View

Brenner S . The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 1974; 77(1):71-94. PMC: 1213120. DOI: 10.1093/genetics/77.1.71. View

Manjarrez J, Mailler R . Stress and timing associated with immobilization methods. Heliyon. 2020; 6(7):e04263. PMC: 7339059. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04263. View

10.

Matsuki M, Kunitomo H, Iino Y . Goalpha regulates olfactory adaptation by antagonizing Gqalpha-DAG signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103(4):1112-7. PMC: 1347976. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506954103. View

11.

Parida L, Neogi S, Padmanabhan V . Effect of temperature pre-exposure on the locomotion and chemotaxis of C. elegans. PLoS One. 2014; 9(10):e111342. PMC: 4216088. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111342. View

12.

Chang S, Lamm S . Human health effects of sodium azide exposure: a literature review and analysis. Int J Toxicol. 2003; 22(3):175-86. DOI: 10.1080/10915810305109. View

13.

Greene J, Brown M, Dobosiewicz M, Ishida I, Macosko E, Zhang X . Balancing selection shapes density-dependent foraging behaviour. Nature. 2016; 539(7628):254-258. PMC: 5161598. DOI: 10.1038/nature19848. View

14.

Ventimiglia D, Bargmann C . Diverse modes of synaptic signaling, regulation, and plasticity distinguish two classes of glutamatergic neurons. Elife. 2017; 6. PMC: 5705214. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.31234. View

15.

Luke C, Niehaus J, OReilly L, Watkins S . Non-microfluidic methods for imaging live C. elegans. Methods. 2014; 68(3):542-7. PMC: 4812562. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.05.002. View

16.

Yang W, Wu T, Tu S, Qin Y, Shen C, Li J . Redundant neural circuits regulate olfactory integration. PLoS Genet. 2022; 18(1):e1010029. PMC: 8830790. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010029. View