Compte Rendu The Canine Hookworm A Novel Threat for Anthelmintic Resistance in Canada

Overview

Journal Can Vet J

Specialty Veterinary Medicine

Date 2023 Apr 3

PMID 37008647

Authors

Roxana Nezami

Julie Blanchard

Pablo Godoy

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The canine hookworm is one of the most prevalent parasitic nematodes in dogs worldwide and has the potential for zoonotic transmission to humans, including the development of cutaneous larva migrans. Recent confirmation of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in to several anthelmintic classes, mainly in the USA, indicates the potential for this scenario in Canada. We consider various factors that may lead to resistant isolates in Canada, such as the widespread use of antiparasitic drugs without the assessment of efficacy; increased prevalence in various Canadian provinces; and the importation of dogs, mostly from the USA, with a history of persistent infection by . Our objective was to review factors that influence to develop AR and raise awareness regarding the need for a strategic plan to control this parasitic nematode through the appropriate use of anthelmintics.

Citing Articles

Efficacy of Anthelmintics Against Canine Hookworm Infections in the Bono East Region of Ghana.

Ofori S, Amissah-Reynolds P, Gyamfi O, Addo K, Nyarko S, Agyei V J Parasitol Res. 2025; 2025:4079763.

PMID: 40017589 PMC: 11865468. DOI: 10.1155/japr/4079763.

Investigation of risk factors associated with Ancylostoma spp. infection and the benzimidazole F167Y resistance marker polymorphism in dogs from the United States.

Jimenez Castro P, Willcox J, Rochani H, Richmond H, Martinez H, Lozoya C Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2025; 27:100584.

PMID: 39919355 PMC: 11847747. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2025.100584.

Benzimidazole F167Y polymorphism in the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum: Widespread geographic, seasonal, age, and breed distribution in United States and Canada dogs.

Leutenegger C, Evason M, Willcox J, Rochani H, Richmond H, Meeks C Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2024; 24:100520.

PMID: 38237210 PMC: 10825515. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100520.

Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations.

Ngetich A, Amoah I, Bux F, Kumari S Parasitol Res. 2023; 123(1):62.

PMID: 38114766 PMC: 10730643. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8.

References

von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Thompson R, Krucken J, Grant W, Bowman D, Schnyder M . Spread of anthelmintic resistance in intestinal helminths of dogs and cats is currently less pronounced than in ruminants and horses - Yet it is of major concern. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2021; 17:36-45. PMC: 8347694. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.07.003. View

Kotwa J, French S, Greer T, Elsemore D, Hanna R, Jardine C . Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs in southern Ontario, Canada, based on fecal samples tested using sucrose double centrifugation and Fecal Dx® tests. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2021; 26:100618. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100618. View

Drake J, Carey T . Seasonality and changing prevalence of common canine gastrointestinal nematodes in the USA. Parasit Vectors. 2019; 12(1):430. PMC: 6728981. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3701-7. View

Arasu P . In vitro reactivation of Ancylostoma caninum tissue-arrested third-stage larvae by transforming growth factor-beta. J Parasitol. 2001; 87(4):733-8. DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0733:IVROAC]2.0.CO;2. View

Geary T, Sakanari J, Caffrey C . Anthelmintic drug discovery: into the future. J Parasitol. 2015; 101(2):125-33. DOI: 10.1645/14-703.1. View

Harder A, Holden-Dye L, Walker R, Wunderlich F . Mechanisms of action of emodepside. Parasitol Res. 2005; 97 Suppl 1:S1-S10. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1438-z. View

Furtado L, de Paiva Bello A, Santos H, Carvalho M, Rabelo E . First identification of the F200Y SNP in the β-tubulin gene linked to benzimidazole resistance in Ancylostoma caninum. Vet Parasitol. 2014; 206(3-4):313-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.021. View

Jimenez Castro P, Mansour A, Charles S, Hostetler J, Settje T, Kulke D . Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintic products against an infection with the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) isolate Worthy 4.1F3P in dogs. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2020; 13:22-27. PMC: 7214830. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.04.003. View

Becskei C, Thys M, Kryda K, Meyer L, Martorell S, Geurden T . Efficacy of Simparica Trio™, a novel chewable tablet containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel, against induced hookworm infections in dogs. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13(1):99. PMC: 7049382. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3951-4. View

10.

Holden-Dye L, Walker R . Anthelmintic drugs. WormBook. 2007; :1-13. PMC: 4781348. DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.143.1. View

11.

Epe C . Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009; 39(6):1091-107, vi-vii. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. View

12.

Taweethavonsawat P, Chungpivat S, Satranarakun P, Traub R, Schaper R . Efficacy of a combination product containing pyrantel, febantel and praziquantel (Drontal Plus Flavour, Bayer Animal Health) against experimental infection with the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum in dogs. Parasitol Res. 2009; 106(2):533-7. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1665-9. View

13.

Kopp S, Coleman G, McCarthy J, Kotze A . Phenotypic characterization of two Ancylostoma caninum isolates with different susceptibilities to the anthelmintic pyrantel. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008; 52(11):3980-6. PMC: 2573120. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00523-08. View

14.

Kotwa J, Jardine C, Berke O, Pearl D, Mercer N, Peregrine A . Prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria immitis infection in wild canids in southern Ontario. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2019; 18:100349. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100349. View

15.

Wojnarowicz C, Smith K . Ancylostoma caninum infection in a Texas-born Blue Lacy dog--Alberta. Can Vet J. 2007; 48(11):1185-6. PMC: 2034433. View

16.

Rijks J, Cito F, Cunningham A, Rantsios A, Giovannini A . Disease Risk Assessments Involving Companion Animals: an Overview for 15 Selected Pathogens Taking a European Perspective. J Comp Pathol. 2015; 155(1 Suppl 1):S75-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.003. View

17.

Nolan T, Lok J . Macrocyclic lactones in the treatment and control of parasitism in small companion animals. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2011; 13(6):1078-94. DOI: 10.2174/138920112800399167. View

18.

Tandon R, Kaplan R . Evaluation of a larval development assay (DrenchRite) for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin nematodes of horses. Vet Parasitol. 2004; 121(1-2):125-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.016. View

19.

Kaplan R, Vidyashankar A . An inconvenient truth: global worming and anthelmintic resistance. Vet Parasitol. 2011; 186(1-2):70-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.048. View

20.

Miro G, Mateo M, Montoya A, Vela E, Calonge R . Survey of intestinal parasites in stray dogs in the Madrid area and comparison of the efficacy of three anthelmintics in naturally infected dogs. Parasitol Res. 2006; 100(2):317-20. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0258-0. View