Association Between Dietary Calcium and Depression Among American Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Overview

Journal Front Nutr

Specialty Nutritional Sciences

Date 2023 Feb 27

PMID 36845060

Authors

Xia Shen

Xue Gu

Yuan-Yuan Liu

Long Yang

Meng Zheng

Lei Jiang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: There is only limited evidence for an association between calcium (Ca) and depression, and the relationship was inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary Ca and the risk of depressive symptoms in individuals over the age of 18 in the US.

Methods: We extracted 14,971 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2016 to probe their associations. Dietary Ca intake was measured through 24 h dietary recall method. Patients with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) ≥ 10 scores were believed to have depressive symptoms. The association between dietary Ca and depressive symptoms was investigated using multivariate logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and restricted cubic spline regression.

Results: In this study, 7.6% (1,144/14,971) of them had depressive symptoms. After adjusting for sex, age, race, poverty to income ratio (PIR), marital status, education, body mass index (BMI), caffeine intake, carbohydrates intake, total energy intake, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, severe cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, serum vitamin D, serum Ca, and Ca supplement, the adjusted ORs value [95% confidence interval (CI)] of depression for the lowest category (Q1 ≤ 534 mg/day) vs. Q2-Q4 of Ca intake were 0.83 (0.69-0.99), 0.97 (0.65-0.95), and 0.80 (0.63-0.98) with the for trend ( = 0.014). The relationship between dietary Ca intake and depressive symptoms was linear (non-linear = 0.148). None of the interactions were significant except among races ( for interaction = 0.001).

Conclusion: Association between dietary Ca and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in US adults. And Ca intake was negatively associated with the risk of depressive symptoms. As Ca intake increased, the prevalence of depressive symptoms decreased.

Citing Articles

The Nutrient-Skin Connection: Diagnosing Eating Disorders Through Dermatologic Signs.

Rallis E, Lotsaris K, Grech V, Tertipi N, Sfyri E, Kefala V Nutrients. 2025; 16(24.

PMID: 39770975 PMC: 11676061. DOI: 10.3390/nu16244354.

Comparative analysis of the nutritional, physicochemical, and bioactive characteristics of and for the evaluation of their potential as ingredients in functional foods.

Al-Maqtari Q, Othman N, Mohammed J, Mahdi A, Al-Ansi W, Noman A Food Sci Nutr. 2024; 12(10):8255-8279.

PMID: 39479604 PMC: 11521740. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4431.

Relationship between emotional eating and nutritional intake in adult women with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study.

Zare H, Rahimi H, Omidi A, Nematolahi F, Sharifi N Nutr J. 2024; 23(1):129.

PMID: 39438830 PMC: 11494802. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-01030-3.

Assessing the role of antioxidant and pro-oxidant balance in mediating the relationship between vitamin K intake and depressive symptoms in adults.

Wang L, Huang S, Feng Z, Xiao J, Luo G, Zhang Y Front Nutr. 2024; 11:1384489.

PMID: 39027663 PMC: 11254852. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1384489.

ITPR2 Mediated Calcium Homeostasis in Oligodendrocytes is Essential for Myelination and Involved in Depressive-Like Behavior in Adolescent Mice.

Zhang M, Zhi N, Feng J, Liu Y, Zhang M, Liu D Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024; 11(20):e2306498.

PMID: 38476116 PMC: 11132048. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306498.

References

Sartori S, Whittle N, Hetzenauer A, Singewald N . Magnesium deficiency induces anxiety and HPA axis dysregulation: modulation by therapeutic drug treatment. Neuropharmacology. 2011; 62(1):304-12. PMC: 3198864. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.027. View

Datta D, Leslie S, Wang M, Morozov Y, Yang S, Mentone S . Age-related calcium dysregulation linked with tau pathology and impaired cognition in non-human primates. Alzheimers Dement. 2021; 17(6):920-932. PMC: 8195842. DOI: 10.1002/alz.12325. View

Wang J, Um P, Dickerman B, Liu J . Zinc, Magnesium, Selenium and Depression: A Review of the Evidence, Potential Mechanisms and Implications. Nutrients. 2018; 10(5). PMC: 5986464. DOI: 10.3390/nu10050584. View

Vetter C, Devore E, Wegrzyn L, Massa J, Speizer F, Kawachi I . Association Between Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. JAMA. 2016; 315(16):1726-34. PMC: 5102147. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.4454. View

Sharkey J . Risk and presence of food insufficiency are associated with low nutrient intakes and multimorbidity among homebound older women who receive home-delivered meals. J Nutr. 2003; 133(11):3485-91. DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3485. View

Alghamdi M, Al Ghamdi K, Khan R, Uversky V, Redwan E . An interplay of structure and intrinsic disorder in the functionality of peptidylarginine deiminases, a family of key autoimmunity-related enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019; 76(23):4635-4662. PMC: 11105357. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03237-8. View

Trouwborst I, Verreijen A, Memelink R, Massanet P, Boirie Y, Weijs P . Exercise and Nutrition Strategies to Counteract Sarcopenic Obesity. Nutrients. 2018; 10(5). PMC: 5986485. DOI: 10.3390/nu10050605. View

Yang B, Campbell P, Gapstur S, Jacobs E, Bostick R, Fedirko V . Calcium intake and mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016; 103(3):886-94. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.117994. View

Vanoh D, Shahar S, Yahya H, Che Din N, Mat Ludin A, Singh D . Dietary Supplement Intake and Its Association with Cognitive Function, Physical Fitness, Depressive Symptoms, Nutritional Status and Biochemical Indices in a 3-Year Follow-Up Among Community Dwelling Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study. Clin Interv Aging. 2021; 16:161-175. PMC: 7847381. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S266587. View

10.

Pecora F, Persico F, Argentiero A, Neglia C, Esposito S . The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10). PMC: 7589163. DOI: 10.3390/nu12103198. View

11.

Noh J, Kwon Y, Park J, Oh I, Kim J . Relationship between Physical Disability and Depression by Gender: A Panel Regression Model. PLoS One. 2016; 11(11):e0166238. PMC: 5130183. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166238. View

12.

Li Z, Wang W, Xin X, Song X, Zhang D . Association of total zinc, iron, copper and selenium intakes with depression in the US adults. J Affect Disord. 2017; 228:68-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.004. View

13.

Zipf G, Chiappa M, Porter K, Ostchega Y, Lewis B, Dostal J . National health and nutrition examination survey: plan and operations, 1999-2010. Vital Health Stat 1. 2014; (56):1-37. View

14.

Silva A, Schoeffter P, Weckbecker G, Bruns C, Schmid H . Regulation of CRH-induced secretion of ACTH and corticosterone by SOM230 in rats. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005; 153(3):R7-R10. DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.01998. View

15.

Reinstatler L, Khaleel S, Pais Jr V . Association of Pregnancy with Stone Formation among Women in the United States: A NHANES Analysis 2007 to 2012. J Urol. 2017; 198(2):389-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.3233. View

16.

Sanchez-Villegas A, Perez-Cornago A, Zazpe I, Santiago S, Lahortiga F, Martinez-Gonzalez M . Micronutrient intake adequacy and depression risk in the SUN cohort study. Eur J Nutr. 2017; 57(7):2409-2419. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1514-z. View

17.

Nguyen H, Oh H, Kim M . Higher intakes of nutrients are linked with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and depression among Korean adults. Nutr Res. 2022; 100:19-32. PMC: 8802568. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.11.003. View

18.

Barber T, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer A, Weickert M . The Health Benefits of Dietary Fibre. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10). PMC: 7589116. DOI: 10.3390/nu12103209. View

19.

Woldetensay Y, Belachew T, Tesfaye M, Spielman K, Biesalski H, Kantelhardt E . Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression in pregnant women: Afaan Oromo version. PLoS One. 2018; 13(2):e0191782. PMC: 5800570. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191782. View

20.

Liu Y, Al-Sayegh H, Jabrah R, Wang W, Yan F, Zhang J . Association between C-reactive protein and depression: modulated by gender and mediated by body weight. Psychiatry Res. 2014; 219(1):103-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.025. View