Recent Development in Multizonal Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration

Overview

Journal Bioact Mater

Specialty Biomedical Engineering

Date 2023 Feb 23

PMID 36817819

Authors

Le Yu

Sacha Cavelier

Brett Hannon

Mei Wei

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Osteochondral (OC) repair is an extremely challenging topic due to the complex biphasic structure and poor intrinsic regenerative capability of natural osteochondral tissue. In contrast to the current surgical approaches which yield only short-term relief of symptoms, tissue engineering strategy has been shown more promising outcomes in treating OC defects since its emergence in the 1990s. In particular, the use of multizonal scaffolds (MZSs) that mimic the gradient transitions, from cartilage surface to the subchondral bone with either continuous or discontinuous compositions, structures, and properties of natural OC tissue, has been gaining momentum in recent years. Scrutinizing the latest developments in the field, this review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advances, current hurdles, and future perspectives of OC repair, particularly the use of MZSs including bilayered, trilayered, multilayered, and gradient scaffolds, by bringing together onerous demands of architecture designs, material selections, manufacturing techniques as well as the choices of growth factors and cells, each of which possesses its unique challenges and opportunities.

Citing Articles

Three-Dimensional-Printed Osteochondral Scaffold with Biomimetic Surface Curvature for Osteochondral Regeneration.

Yang Y, Lin Q, Hou Z, Yang G, Shen L Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(2).

PMID: 40006520 PMC: 11859329. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17020153.

Advancements in Bone Replacement Techniques-Potential Uses After Maxillary and Mandibular Resections Due to Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ).

Bovari-Biri J, Miskei J, Kover Z, Steinerbrunner-Nagy A, Kardos K, Maroti P Cells. 2025; 14(2).

PMID: 39851573 PMC: 11763601. DOI: 10.3390/cells14020145.

Hierarchy Reproduction: Multiphasic Strategies for Tendon/Ligament-Bone Junction Repair.

Chen K, Liu Z, Zhou X, Zheng W, Cao H, Yang Z Biomater Res. 2025; 29():0132.

PMID: 39844867 PMC: 11751208. DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0132.

The use of hydrogel microspheres as cell and drug delivery carriers for bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration.

Lin C, Srioudom J, Sun W, Xing M, Yan S, Yu L Biomater Transl. 2024; 5(3):236-256.

PMID: 39734701 PMC: 11681182. DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2024.03.003.

Engineering gene-activated bioprinted scaffolds for enhancing articular cartilage repair.

Wang M, Wang J, Xu X, Li E, Xu P Mater Today Bio. 2024; 29:101351.

PMID: 39649247 PMC: 11621797. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101351.

References

Maehara H, Sotome S, Yoshii T, Torigoe I, Kawasaki Y, Sugata Y . Repair of large osteochondral defects in rabbits using porous hydroxyapatite/collagen (HAp/Col) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). J Orthop Res. 2009; 28(5):677-86. DOI: 10.1002/jor.21032. View

Kilian D, Ahlfeld T, Akkineni A, Bernhardt A, Gelinsky M, Lode A . 3D Bioprinting of osteochondral tissue substitutes - in vitro-chondrogenesis in multi-layered mineralized constructs. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):8277. PMC: 7237416. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65050-9. View

Ribeiro V, Pina S, Costa J, Cengiz I, Garcia-Fernandez L, Fernandez-Gutierrez M . Enzymatically Cross-Linked Silk Fibroin-Based Hierarchical Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019; 11(4):3781-3799. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21259. View

Yang J, Zhang Y, Yue K, Khademhosseini A . Cell-laden hydrogels for osteochondral and cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2017; 57:1-25. PMC: 5545789. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.036. View

Hu X, Li W, Li L, Lu Y, Wang Y, Parungao R . A biomimetic cartilage gradient hybrid scaffold for functional tissue engineering of cartilage. Tissue Cell. 2019; 58:84-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.05.001. View

Vaquette C, Fan W, Xiao Y, Hamlet S, Hutmacher D, Ivanovski S . A biphasic scaffold design combined with cell sheet technology for simultaneous regeneration of alveolar bone/periodontal ligament complex. Biomaterials. 2012; 33(22):5560-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.038. View

Woolf A . Driving musculoskeletal health for Europe: EUMUSC.NET. Reumatismo. 2011; 63(1):1-4. DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2011.1. View

Xu X, Liang Y, Li X, Ouyang K, Wang M, Cao T . Exosome-mediated delivery of kartogenin for chondrogenesis of synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cartilage regeneration. Biomaterials. 2020; 269:120539. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120539. View

Mellor L, Huebner P, Cai S, Mohiti-Asli M, Taylor M, Spang J . Fabrication and Evaluation of Electrospun, 3D-Bioplotted, and Combination of Electrospun/3D-Bioplotted Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomed Res Int. 2017; 2017:6956794. PMC: 5425832. DOI: 10.1155/2017/6956794. View

10.

Jia S, Wang J, Zhang T, Pan W, Li Z, He X . Multilayered Scaffold with a Compact Interfacial Layer Enhances Osteochondral Defect Repair. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018; 10(24):20296-20305. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03445. View

11.

Pesesse L, Sanchez C, Henrotin Y . Osteochondral plate angiogenesis: a new treatment target in osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2010; 78(2):144-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.07.001. View

12.

Stiehler M, Lind M, Mygind T, Baatrup A, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Li H . Morphology, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on titanium, tantalum, and chromium surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007; 86(2):448-58. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31602. View

13.

Helgeland E, Pedersen T, Rashad A, Johannessen A, Mustafa K, Rosen A . Angiostatin-functionalized collagen scaffolds suppress angiogenesis but do not induce chondrogenesis by mesenchymal stromal cells in vivo. J Oral Sci. 2020; 62(4):371-376. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0327. View

14.

Suo H, Zhang J, Xu M, Wang L . Low-temperature 3D printing of collagen and chitosan composite for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2021; 123:111963. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111963. View

15.

Gugjoo M, Amarpal , Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Aithal H, Kinjavdekar P, Sai Kumar G . Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors in gel scaffold repair osteochondral defect in rabbit. Regen Med. 2020; 15(2):1261-1275. DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0138. View

16.

Kabirkoohian A, Bakhshi H, Irani S, Sharifi F . Chemical Immobilization of Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Polycaprolactone Nanofibers as Osteochondral Scaffolds. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2022; 195(6):3888-3899. PMC: 10203026. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03916-6. View

17.

Bhosale A, Richardson J . Articular cartilage: structure, injuries and review of management. Br Med Bull. 2008; 87:77-95. DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldn025. View

18.

Nordberg R, Huebner P, Schuchard K, Mellor L, Shirwaiker R, Loboa E . The evaluation of a multiphasic 3D-bioplotted scaffold seeded with adipose derived stem cells to repair osteochondral defects in a porcine model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2021; 109(12):2246-2258. PMC: 8490306. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34886. View

19.

Deng Z, Li Y, Gao X, Lei G, Huard J . Bone morphogenetic proteins for articular cartilage regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2018; 26(9):1153-1161. DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.03.007. View

20.

Critchley S, Sheehy E, Cunniffe G, Diaz-Payno P, Carroll S, Jeon O . 3D printing of fibre-reinforced cartilaginous templates for the regeneration of osteochondral defects. Acta Biomater. 2020; 113:130-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.040. View