In Silico Investigation of SNR and Dermis Sensitivity for Optimum Dual-Channel Near-Infrared Glucose Sensor Designs for Different Skin Colors

Diabetes is a serious health condition that requires patients to regularly monitor their blood glucose level, making the development of practical, compact, and non-invasive techniques essential. Optical glucose sensors-and, specifically, NIR sensors-have the advantages of being non-invasive, compact, inexpensive, and user-friendly devices. However, these sensors have low accuracy and are yet to be adopted by healthcare providers. In our previous work, we introduced a non-invasive dual-channel technique for NIR sensors, in which a long channel is utilized to measure the glucose level in the inner skin (dermis) layer, while a short channel is used to measure the noise signal of the superficial skin (epidermis) layer. In this work, we investigated the use of dual-NIR channels for patients with different skin colors (i.e., having different melanin concentrations). We also adopted a Monte Carlo simulation model that takes into consideration the differences between different skin layers, in terms of blood content, water content, melanin concentration in the epidermis layer, and skin optical proprieties. On the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio, as well as the sensitivities of both the epidermis and dermis layers, we suggest the selection of wavelengths and source-to-detector separation for optimal NIR channels under different skin melanin concentrations. This work facilitates the improved design of a compact and non-invasive NIR glucose sensor that can be utilized by patients with different skin colors.