Tracking Health, Performance and Recovery in Athletes Using Machine Learning

Training and competitive periods can temporarily impair the performance of an athlete. This disruption can be short- or long-term, lasting up to several days. We analyzed the health indicators of 3661 athletes during an in-depth medical examination. At the time of inclusion in the study, the athletes were healthy. Instrumental examinations (fluorography, ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity and pelvic organs, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and stress testing "to failure"), laboratory examinations (general urinalysis and biochemical and general clinical blood analysis), and examinations by specialists (ophthalmologist, otolaryngologist, surgeon, cardiologist, neurologist, dentist, gynecologist (women), endocrinologist, and therapist) were performed. This study analyzed the significance of determining the indicators involved in the implementation of the "catabolism" and "anabolism" phenotypes using the random forest and multinomial logistic regression machine learning methods. The use of decision forest and multinomial regression models made it possible to identify the most significant indicators of blood and urine biochemistry for the analysis of phenotypes as a characterization of the effectiveness of recovery processes in the post-competitive period in athletes. We found that the parameters of muscle metabolism, such as aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and the parameters of the ornithine cycle, such as creatinine, urea acid, and urea levels, made the most significant contribution to the classification of two types of metabolism: catabolism and anabolism.