Influence of Diet and Lifestyle on the Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and on Perinatal Results

Overview

Journal Nutrients

Date 2022 Jul 27

PMID 35889912

Authors

Alba Yuste Gomez

Maria Del Pilar Ramos Alvarez

Jose Luis Bartha

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

GDM is a multifactorial disease, so there is controversy regarding the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. We speculate whether lifestyle and eating habits influenced the appearance and pathogenesis of GDM. To explore this issue, the aim of the present study was to analyze maternal diet and lifestyle characteristics in early pregnancy and their influence on the development of GDM. The study included 103 pregnant women who completed a questionnaire on nutritional knowledge, lifestyle and eating habits. Perinatal and biochemical outcomes as well as pregestational lifestyle and eating habits were compared between normoglycemic women and those who developed GDM. The results obtained showed that women who developed GDM had erroneous knowledge regarding nutrition. Consumption of white bread ( = 0.018), added sugars ( = 0.037), legumes ( = 0.025), fish ( = 0.014), butter ( = 0.010) and the performance of less physical activity ( = 0.024) correlated with glucose intolerance in pregnant women. In conclusion, we found a relationship between dietary and lifestyle habits at the beginning of pregnancy and the later diagnosis of GDM.

Citing Articles

Dietary Habits of Pregnant Women in Spain: The Role of Nutrition Education in Midwife Consultations.

Olloqui-Mundet M, Palma-Morales M, Cantarell-Gonzalez M, Cavia M, Alonso-Torre S, Ocon-Hernandez O Nutrients. 2025; 17(1.

PMID: 39796554 PMC: 11722764. DOI: 10.3390/nu17010120.

Chorionic-based intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy on perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies.

Deng N, Liu Y, Qian D, Yi W, Luo H, Zhang D Medicine (Baltimore). 2025; 104(2):e41109.

PMID: 39792742 PMC: 11730664. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000041109.

Association Between the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review.

Sun N, Wen S, Huo Z, He Z, Sun T, Hu J Nutrients. 2024; 16(23).

PMID: 39683466 PMC: 11644014. DOI: 10.3390/nu16234073.

INSIGHT-2: mechanistic studies into pregnancy complications and their impact on maternal and child health-study protocol.

Valensin C, Cote E, Pereira-Carvalho D, Gardner R, Nishku G, Giles C Reprod Health. 2024; 21(1):177.

PMID: 39609862 PMC: 11605920. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-024-01911-0.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge of Pregnant Women: The Importance of Nutrition Education.

Olloqui-Mundet M, Cavia M, Alonso-Torre S, Carrillo C Foods. 2024; 13(19).

PMID: 39410224 PMC: 11475029. DOI: 10.3390/foods13193189.

References

Bo S, Lezo A, Menato G, Gallo M, Bardelli C, Signorile A . Gestational hyperglycemia, zinc, selenium, and antioxidant vitamins. Nutrition. 2005; 21(2):186-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.022. View

Metzger B, Lowe L, Dyer A, Trimble E, Chaovarindr U, Coustan D . Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(19):1991-2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943. View

Moreno-Castilla C, Hernandez M, Bergua M, Alvarez M, Arce M, Rodriguez K . Low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36(8):2233-8. PMC: 3714525. DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2714. View

Fugmann M, Breier M, Rottenkolber M, Banning F, Ferrari U, Sacco V . The stool microbiota of insulin resistant women with recent gestational diabetes, a high risk group for type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2015; 5:13212. PMC: 4538691. DOI: 10.1038/srep13212. View

Thorens B . Glucose sensing and the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008; 32 Suppl 6:S62-71. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.208. View

Mousa A, Naqash A, Lim S . Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake during Pregnancy: An Overview of Recent Evidence. Nutrients. 2019; 11(2). PMC: 6413112. DOI: 10.3390/nu11020443. View

Plows J, Stanley J, Baker P, Reynolds C, Vickers M . The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(11). PMC: 6274679. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113342. View

Mirghani Dirar A, Doupis J . Gestational diabetes from A to Z. World J Diabetes. 2018; 8(12):489-511. PMC: 5740094. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i12.489. View

Barden A, Singh R, Walters B, Ritchie J, Roberman B, Beilin L . Factors predisposing to pre-eclampsia in women with gestational diabetes. J Hypertens. 2004; 22(12):2371-8. DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200412000-00020. View

10.

Salavati N, Vinke P, Lewis F, Bakker M, Erwich J, van der Beek E . Offspring Birth Weight Is Associated with Specific Preconception Maternal Food Group Intake: Data from a Linked Population-Based Birth Cohort. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10). PMC: 7602981. DOI: 10.3390/nu12103172. View

11.

Zhang C, Williams M, Sorensen T, King I, Kestin M, Thompson M . Maternal plasma ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology. 2004; 15(5):597-604. DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000134864.90563.fa. View

12.

Corcoy R, Lumbreras B, Bartha J, Ricart W . [New diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus after the HAPO study. Are they valid in our environment?]. Endocrinol Nutr. 2010; 57(6):277-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2010.03.020. View

13.

Cremona A, OGorman C, Cotter A, Saunders J, Donnelly A . Effect of exercise modality on markers of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control in pregnancies complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Obes Sci Pract. 2018; 4(5):455-467. PMC: 6180709. DOI: 10.1002/osp4.283. View

14.

Patterson S, Flatt P, Brennan L, Newsholme P, McClenaghan N . Detrimental actions of metabolic syndrome risk factor, homocysteine, on pancreatic beta-cell glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. J Endocrinol. 2006; 189(2):301-10. DOI: 10.1677/joe.1.06537. View

15.

Gomez-Arango L, Barrett H, McIntyre H, Callaway L, Morrison M, Nitert M . Connections Between the Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Hormones in Early Pregnancy in Overweight and Obese Women. Diabetes. 2016; 65(8):2214-23. DOI: 10.2337/db16-0278. View

16.

Jayashree B, Bibin Y, Prabhu D, Shanthirani C, Gokulakrishnan K, Lakshmi B . Increased circulatory levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zonulin signify novel biomarkers of proinflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013; 388(1-2):203-10. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1911-4. View

17.

Dolatkhah N, Hajifaraji M, Shakouri S . Nutrition Therapy in Managing Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review. J Family Reprod Health. 2019; 12(2):57-72. PMC: 6391302. View

18.

David L, Maurice C, Carmody R, Gootenberg D, Button J, Wolfe B . Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2013; 505(7484):559-63. PMC: 3957428. DOI: 10.1038/nature12820. View

19.

. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: . Diabetes Care. 2020; 44(Suppl 1):S15-S33. DOI: 10.2337/dc21-S002. View

20.

Zito G, Della Corte L, Giampaolino P, Terzic M, Terzic S, Di Guardo F . Gestational diabetes mellitus: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A fresh look to a busy corner. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2020; 13(4):529-541. DOI: 10.3233/NPM-190305. View