Protist Diversity and Metabolic Strategy in Freshwater Lakes Are Shaped by Trophic State and Watershed Land Use on a Continental Scale

Protists play key roles in aquatic food webs as primary producers, predators, nutrient recyclers, and symbionts. However, a comprehensive view of protist diversity in freshwaters has been challenged by the immense environmental heterogeneity among lakes worldwide. We assessed protist diversity in the surface waters of 366 freshwater lakes across a north temperate to subarctic range covering nearly 8.4 million km of Canada. Sampled lakes represented broad gradients in size, trophic state, and watershed land use. Hypereutrophic lakes contained the least diverse and most distinct protist communities relative to nutrient-poor lakes. Greater taxonomic variation among eutrophic lakes was mainly a product of heterotroph and mixotroph diversity, whereas phototroph assemblages were more similar under high-nutrient conditions. Overall, local physicochemical factors, particularly ion and nutrient concentrations, elicited the strongest responses in community structure, far outweighing the effects of geographic gradients. Despite their contrasting distribution patterns, obligate phototroph and heterotroph turnover was predicted by an overlapping set of environmental factors, while the metabolic plasticity of mixotrophs may have made them less predictable. Notably, protist diversity was associated with variation in watershed soil pH and agricultural crop coverage, pointing to human impact on the land-water interface that has not been previously identified in studies on smaller scales. Our study exposes the importance of both within-lake and external watershed characteristics in explaining protist diversity and biogeography, critical information for further developing an understanding of how freshwater lakes and their watersheds are impacted by anthropogenic stressors. Freshwater lakes are experiencing rapid changes under accelerated anthropogenic stress and a warming climate. Microorganisms underpin aquatic food webs, yet little is known about how freshwater microbial communities are responding to human impact. Here, we assessed the diversity of protists and their myriad ecological roles in lakes varying in size across watersheds experiencing a range of land use pressures by leveraging data from a continental-scale survey of Canadian lakes. We found evidence of human impact on protist assemblages through an association with lake trophic state and extending to agricultural activity and soil characteristics in the surrounding watershed. Furthermore, trophic state appeared to explain the distributions of phototrophic and heterotrophic protists in contrasting ways. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of lake ecosystems to increased land use and the importance of assessing terrestrial interfaces to elucidate freshwater ecosystem dynamics.