A Review Into the Insights of the Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Bone Biology

Overview

Journal Front Cell Dev Biol

Specialty Cell Biology

Date 2022 Jun 10

PMID 35686054

Authors

Henglei Shi

Zhenchen Zhao

Weidong Jiang

Peiqi Zhu

Nuo Zhou

XuanPing Huang

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

In addition to its important transport functions, the skeletal system is involved in complex biological activities for the regulation of blood vessels. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), as stem cells of endothelial cells (ECs), possess an effective proliferative capacity and a powerful angiogenic capacity prior to their differentiation. They demonstrate synergistic effects to promote bone regeneration and vascularization more effectively by co-culturing with multiple cells. EPCs demonstrate a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various bone diseases by secreting a combination of growth factors, regulating cellular functions, and promoting bone regeneration. In this review, we retrospect the definition and properties of EPCs, their interaction with mesenchymal stem cells, ECs, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells in bone regeneration, vascularization, and immunity, summarizing their mechanism of action and contribution to bone biology. Additionally, we generalized their role and potential mechanisms in the treatment of various bone diseases, possibly indicating their clinical application.

Citing Articles

Impact of Different Cell Types on the Osteogenic Differentiation Process of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Wang Z, Ren L, Li Z, Qiu Q, Wang H, Huang X Stem Cells Int. 2025; 2025:5551222.

PMID: 39980864 PMC: 11842143. DOI: 10.1155/sci/5551222.

Responses of Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Chronic and Acute Physical Activity in Healthy Individuals.

Tkacz M, Zgutka K, Tomasiak P, Tarnowski M Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(11).

PMID: 38892272 PMC: 11173310. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116085.

Correlation between plasma aldosterone concentration and bone mineral density in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients: potential impact on osteoporosis and future fracture risk.

Song S, Cai X, Hu J, Zhu Q, Shen D, Heizhati M Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024; 15:1373862.

PMID: 38808106 PMC: 11130431. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1373862.

Recent Advances in Bioengineering Bone Revascularization Based on Composite Materials Comprising Hydroxyapatite.

Niu Y, Chen L, Wu T Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(15).

PMID: 37569875 PMC: 10419613. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512492.

Endothelial Progenitor Cells May Be Related to Major Amputation after Angioplasty in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia.

Santillan-Cortez D, Vera-Gomez E, Hernandez-Patricio A, Ruiz-Hernandez A, Gutierrez-Buendia J, De la Vega-Moreno K Cells. 2023; 12(4).

PMID: 36831250 PMC: 9954311. DOI: 10.3390/cells12040584.

References

Cui Y, Fu S, Sun D, Xing J, Hou T, Wu X . EPC-derived exosomes promote osteoclastogenesis through LncRNA-MALAT1. J Cell Mol Med. 2019; 23(6):3843-3854. PMC: 6533478. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14228. View

Rossi E, Bernabeu C, Smadja D . Endoglin as an Adhesion Molecule in Mature and Progenitor Endothelial Cells: A Function Beyond TGF-β. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019; 6:10. PMC: 6363663. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00010. View

Shudo Y, Goldstone A, Cohen J, Patel J, Hopkins M, Steele A . Layered smooth muscle cell-endothelial progenitor cell sheets derived from the bone marrow augment postinfarction ventricular function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017; 154(3):955-963. PMC: 5947323. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.04.081. View

Miyata T, Iizasa H, Sai Y, Fujii J, Terasaki T, Nakashima E . Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induces differentiation of bone marrow endothelial progenitor cell-derived cell line TR-BME2 into mural cells, and changes the phenotype. J Cell Physiol. 2005; 204(3):948-55. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20362. View

Li X, Liu D, Li J, Yang S, Xu J, Yokota H . Wnt3a involved in the mechanical loading on improvement of bone remodeling and angiogenesis in a postmenopausal osteoporosis mouse model. FASEB J. 2019; 33(8):8913-8924. PMC: 9272758. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802711R. View

Li Z, Yang A, Yin X, Dong S, Luo F, Dou C . Mesenchymal stem cells promote endothelial progenitor cell migration, vascularization, and bone repair in tissue-engineered constructs via activating CXCR2-Src-PKL/Vav2-Rac1. FASEB J. 2017; 32(4):2197-2211. DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700895R. View

Hattori K, Heissig B, Tashiro K, Honjo T, Tateno M, Shieh J . Plasma elevation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 induces mobilization of mature and immature hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Blood. 2001; 97(11):3354-60. DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.11.3354. View

Hu H, Wang B, Jiang C, Li R, Zhao J . Endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes facilitate vascular endothelial cell repair through shuttling miR-21-5p to modulate Thrombospondin-1 expression. Clin Sci (Lond). 2019; 133(14):1629-1644. DOI: 10.1042/CS20190188. View

Huang Z, Liu Z, Wang K, Ye Z, Xiong Y, Zhang B . Reduced Number and Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Acute Aortic Dissection and Its Relationship With IL-6 and IL-17. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021; 8:628462. PMC: 8044799. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.628462. View

10.

Lu J, Yang J, Zheng Y, Chen X, Fang S . Extracellular vesicles from endothelial progenitor cells prevent steroid-induced osteoporosis by suppressing the ferroptotic pathway in mouse osteoblasts based on bioinformatics evidence. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):16130. PMC: 6834614. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52513-x. View

11.

Kim H, Hong X, An Y, Park M, Kim D, Greene A . A Biphasic Osteovascular Biomimetic Scaffold for Rapid and Self-Sustained Endochondral Ossification. Adv Healthc Mater. 2021; 10(13):e2100070. PMC: 8273143. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100070. View

12.

Foubert P, Matrone G, Souttou B, Lere-Dean C, Barateau V, Plouet J . Coadministration of endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cells enhances the efficiency of proangiogenic cell-based therapy. Circ Res. 2008; 103(7):751-60. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.175083. View

13.

Bouland C, Philippart P, Dequanter D, Corrillon F, Loeb I, Bron D . Cross-Talk Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) in Bone Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021; 9:674084. PMC: 8166285. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674084. View

14.

Liu X, Chai Y, Liu G, Su W, Guo Q, Lv X . Osteoclasts protect bone blood vessels against senescence through the angiogenin/plexin-B2 axis. Nat Commun. 2021; 12(1):1832. PMC: 7987975. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22131-1. View

15.

Han S, Proctor A, Vella J, Benoit D, Choe R . Non-invasive diffuse correlation tomography reveals spatial and temporal blood flow differences in murine bone grafting approaches. Biomed Opt Express. 2016; 7(9):3262-3279. PMC: 5030009. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.7.003262. View

16.

Li R, Nauth A, Gandhi R, Syed K, Schemitsch E . BMP-2 mRNA expression after endothelial progenitor cell therapy for fracture healing. J Orthop Trauma. 2014; 28 Suppl 1:S24-7. DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000071. View

17.

Rossi E, Sanz-Rodriguez F, Eleno N, Duwell A, Blanco F, Langa C . Endothelial endoglin is involved in inflammation: role in leukocyte adhesion and transmigration. Blood. 2012; 121(2):403-15. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435347. View

18.

Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T . Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science. 1997; 275(5302):964-7. DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5302.964. View

19.

Tasev D, Koolwijk P, van Hinsbergh V . Therapeutic Potential of Human-Derived Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Animal Models. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2016; 22(5):371-382. DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2016.0050. View

20.

Ren J, Han S, Proctor A, Desa D, Ramirez G, Ching-Roa V . Longitudinal 3D Blood Flow Distribution Provided by Diffuse Correlation Tomography during Bone Healing in a Murine Fracture Model. Photochem Photobiol. 2019; 96(2):380-387. PMC: 7138748. DOI: 10.1111/php.13201. View