Short-term Morbidity and Types of Intrapartum Hypoxia in the Newborn with Metabolic Acidaemia: a Retrospective Cohort Study

Objectives: To assess labour characteristics in relation to the occurrence of Composite Adverse neonatal Outcome (CAO) within a cohort of fetuses with metabolic acidaemia.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Three Italian tertiary maternity units.

Population: 431 neonates born with acidaemia ≥36 weeks.

Methods: Intrapartum CTG traces were assigned to one of these four types of labour hypoxia: acute, subacute, gradually evolving and chronic hypoxia. The presence of CAO was defined by the occurrence of at least one of the following: Sarnat Score grade ≥2, seizures, hypothermia and death <7 days from birth.

Main Outcome Measures: To compare the type of hypoxia on the intrapartum CTG traces among the acidaemic neonates with and without CAO.

Results: The occurrence of a CAO was recorded in 15.1% of neonates. At logistic regression analysis, the duration of the hypoxia was the only parameter associated with CAO in the case of an acute or subacute pattern (odds ratio [OR] 1.3; 95% CI 1.02-1.6 and OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.0-1.1, respectively), whereas both the duration of the hypoxic insult and the time from PROM to delivery were associated with CAO in those with a gradually evolving pattern (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.3 and OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.0-1.7, respectively). The incidence of CAO was higher in fetuses with chronic antepartum hypoxia than in those showing CTG features of intrapartum hypoxia (64.7 vs. 13.0%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions: The frequency of CAO seems related to the duration and the type of the hypoxic injury, being higher in fetuses showing CTG features of antepartum chronic hypoxia.

Tweetable Abstract: This study demonstrates that in a large population of neonates with metabolic acidaemia at birth, the overall incidence of short-term adverse outcome is around 15%. Such risk seems closely correlated to the duration and the type of hypoxic injury, being higher in fetuses admitted in labour with antepartum chronic hypoxia than those experiencing intrapartum hypoxia.