Unlocking the Allometric Growth and Dissolution of Zn Anodes at Initial Nucleation and an Early Stage with Atomic Force Microscopy

Zn anodes have gained intensive attention for their environmental-friendliness and high volumetric capacity but are limited by their severe dendrite formation. Understanding the initial nucleation behavior is critical for manipulating the uniform deposition of Zn. Herein, the allometric growth and dissolution of Zn in the initial nucleation and early stages are visualized with in situ atomic force microscopy in aqueous ZnCl electrolytes. Zn nuclei grow via a horizontal radial direction and dissolve reversibly in a top-down process. The critical nucleation radius and density are dependent on the electrolyte concentration of ZnCl, namely, the initial nucleus size is proportional to the ratio of surface free energy between deposited Zn and the electrolyte and overpotentials for Zn electrodeposition, and the density is inversely proportional to the cube of this ratio. This investigation provides guidelines for regulating uniform metal electrodeposition and yields benefits for the development of anode-free batteries.