Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index and Load During Pregnancy with Blood Pressure, Placental Hemodynamic Parameters and the Risk of Gestational Hypertensive Disorders

Overview

Journal Eur J Nutr

Specialty Nutritional Sciences

Date 2021 Sep 15

PMID 34524507

Citations 2

Authors

Clarissa J Wiertsema

Rama J Wahab

Annemarie G M G J Mulders

Romy Gaillard

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the associations of dietary glycemic index and load with gestational blood pressure, placental hemodynamic parameters and the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders.

Methods: In a population-based cohort among 3378 pregnant Dutch women, dietary glycemic index and load were assessed from food frequency questionnaires at median 13.4 (95% range 9.9-22.9) weeks gestation. Blood pressure was measured in early-, mid- and late-pregnancy. Placental hemodynamic parameters were measured in mid- and late-pregnancy by ultrasound. Data on gestational hypertensive disorders was acquired from medical records.

Results: Mean dietary glycemic index (SD) was 58 (3) and mean dietary glycemic load (SD) was 155 (47). Dietary glycemic index was not associated with blood pressure, placental hemodynamic parameters and the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders. Higher dietary glycemic load SDS was associated with a higher diastolic blood pressure in early-pregnancy, remaining after adjustment for socio-demographic and lifestyle factors ((0.98 (95% CI 0.35-1.61) mmHg per SDS increase in glycemic load). No other associations of glycemic load with blood pressure or placental hemodynamic parameters and the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders were present. No significant associations of dietary glycemic index and load quartiles with longitudinal blood pressure patterns from early to late-pregnancy were present.

Conclusion: Within this low-risk pregnant population, we did not find consistent associations of dietary glycemic index and load with blood pressure, placental hemodynamic parameters and the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders. Further studies need to assess whether the effects on gestational hemodynamic adaptations are more pronounced among high-risk women with an impaired glucose metabolism.

Citing Articles

Is the association between mothers' autistic traits and childhood autistic traits moderated by maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index?.

Sari N, Tsompanidis A, Wahab R, Gaillard R, Aydin E, Holt R Mol Autism. 2023; 14(1):46.

PMID: 38066561 PMC: 10709910. DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00578-x.

An Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake among Pregnant Women in The Netherlands: A Systematic Review.

Ter Borg S, Koopman N, Verkaik-Kloosterman J Nutrients. 2023; 15(13).

PMID: 37447397 PMC: 10346763. DOI: 10.3390/nu15133071.

References

Jenkins D, Kendall C, Augustin L, Franceschi S, Hamidi M, Marchie A . Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76(1):266S-73S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76/1.266S. View

Aston L, Jackson D, Monsheimer S, Whybrow S, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kreutzer M . Developing a methodology for assigning glycaemic index values to foods consumed across Europe. Obes Rev. 2010; 11(1):92-100. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00690.x. View

Rurangirwa A, Gaillard R, Steegers E, Hofman A, Jaddoe V . Hemodynamic adaptations in different trimesters among nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women; the Generation R study. Am J Hypertens. 2012; 25(8):892-9. DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.57. View

Wan C, Nankervis A, Teede H, Aroni R . Dietary intervention strategies for ethnic Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Diet. 2019; 76(2):211-232. PMC: 6850048. DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12524. View

Kooijman M, Kruithof C, Van Duijn C, Duijts L, Franco O, van IJzendoorn M . The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2017. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017; 31(12):1243-1264. PMC: 5233749. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0224-9. View

Voortman T, Steegers-Theunissen R, Bergen N, Jaddoe V, Looman C, Kiefte-de Jong J . Validation of a Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire for Dutch Pregnant Women from the General Population Using the Method or Triads. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5). PMC: 7284899. DOI: 10.3390/nu12051341. View

Chen L, Navarro P, Murrin C, Mehegan J, Kelleher C, Phillips C . Maternal Dietary Glycemic and Insulinemic Indexes Are Not Associated with Birth Outcomes or Childhood Adiposity at 5 Years of Age in an Irish Cohort Study. J Nutr. 2019; 149(6):1037-1046. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz025. View

Nash D, Gilliland J, Evers S, Wilk P, Campbell M . Determinants of diet quality in pregnancy: sociodemographic, pregnancy-specific, and food environment influences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013; 45(6):627-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2013.04.268. View

Bellamy L, Casas J, Hingorani A, Williams D . Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007; 335(7627):974. PMC: 2072042. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE. View

10.

Metzger B, Lowe L, Dyer A, Trimble E, Chaovarindr U, Coustan D . Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(19):1991-2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943. View

11.

Verburg B, Jaddoe V, Wladimiroff J, Hofman A, Witteman J, Steegers E . Fetal hemodynamic adaptive changes related to intrauterine growth: the Generation R Study. Circulation. 2008; 117(5):649-59. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709717. View

12.

Coolman M, de Groot C, Jaddoe V, Hofman A, Raat H, Steegers E . Medical record validation of maternally reported history of preeclampsia. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010; 63(8):932-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.10.010. View

13.

Livesey G, Taylor R, Hulshof T, Howlett J . Glycemic response and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis: relations between dietary glycemic properties and health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87(1):258S-268S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.1.258S. View

14.

Possomato-Vieira J, Khalil R . Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. Adv Pharmacol. 2016; 77:361-431. PMC: 4965238. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.008. View

15.

Wahab R, Scholing J, Gaillard R . Maternal early pregnancy dietary glycemic index and load, fetal growth, and the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Eur J Nutr. 2020; 60(3):1301-1311. PMC: 7987612. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02327-9. View

16.

Jaddoe V, Mackenbach J, Moll H, Steegers E, Tiemeier H, Verhulst F . The Generation R Study: Design and cohort profile. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006; 21(6):475-84. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-006-9022-0. View

17.

Brown M, Lindheimer M, de Swiet M, Van Assche A, Moutquin J . The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Hypertens Pregnancy. 2002; 20(1):IX-XIV. DOI: 10.1081/PRG-100104165. View

18.

Poston L, McCarthy A, Ritter J . Control of vascular resistance in the maternal and feto-placental arterial beds. Pharmacol Ther. 1995; 65(2):215-39. DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(94)00064-a. View

19.

Leach L, Taylor A, Sciota F . Vascular dysfunction in the diabetic placenta: causes and consequences. J Anat. 2009; 215(1):69-76. PMC: 2714640. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01098.x. View

20.

Evans C, Greenwood D, Threapleton D, Gale C, Cleghorn C, Burley V . Glycemic index, glycemic load, and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 105(5):1176-1190. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.143685. View