High Serum High-density Lipoprotein and Low Serum Triglycerides in Kratom Users: A Study of Kratom Users in Thailand

Overview

Journal Heliyon

Specialty Social Sciences

Date 2021 May 17

PMID 33997428

Citations 5

Authors

Aroon La-Up

Udomsak Saengow

Apinun Aramrattana

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: The present study aims to examine the association between Kratom use and serum lipid level.

Method: This study compared the serum lipid profile of Kratom users and non-users living in Nam Phu Subdistrict, a special area that allows the traditional use of Kratom. The study subjects consisted of 581 individuals aged 18 and above. Binary logistic regression was used to determine an association between Kratom use and serum lipid level.

Results: The findings revealed an association between Kratom use and an elevated HDL level (≥60 mg/dL) with an adjusted OR of 1.82 (95% CI, 1.17-2.8), and an association between Kratom use and a triglyceride level <90 mg/dL with an adjusted OR of 1.75 (95% CI; 1.17-2.63). There were no associations between Kratom use and LDL as well as total cholesterol level.

Discussion And Conclusions: This study provided additional evidence of Kratom use and a favorable lipid profile. Prevention of coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease via an improvement in the lipid profile may be a future pharmaceutical application of Kratom.

Citing Articles

An exploratory study of the safety profile and neurocognitive function after single doses of mitragynine in humans.

Prevete E, Theunissen E, Kuypers K, Paci R, Reckweg J, Cavarra M Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2024; .

PMID: 39724441 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06734-2.

Effect of Green and Red Thai Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) on pancreatic digestive enzymes (alpha-glucosidase and lipase) and acetyl-carboxylase 1 activity: A possible therapeutic target for obesity prevention.

Janthongkaw A, Klaophimai S, Khampaya T, Yimthiang S, Yang Y, Ma R PLoS One. 2023; 18(9):e0291738.

PMID: 37733688 PMC: 10513218. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291738.

Clinical Implications of Kratom () Use: a Literature Review.

Prevete E, Kuypers K, Theunissen E, Esposito G, Ramaekers J, Pasquini M Curr Addict Rep. 2023; 10(2):317-334.

PMID: 37266188 PMC: 10177737. DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00478-3.

Inhibition of α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Properties of (Korth.) Havil. (Kratom) Leaves.

Limcharoen T, Pouyfung P, Ngamdokmai N, Prasopthum A, Ahmad A, Wisdawati W Nutrients. 2022; 14(19).

PMID: 36235558 PMC: 9572452. DOI: 10.3390/nu14193909.

Association between kratom () use and metabolic syndrome.

La-Up A, Wongrith P, Chaichan W, Aramrattana A, Saengow U Heliyon. 2022; 8(5):e09468.

PMID: 35615431 PMC: 9124704. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09468.

References

Nicholls S, Tuzcu E, Sipahi I, Grasso A, Schoenhagen P, Hu T . Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA. 2007; 297(5):499-508. DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.5.499. View

Austin M, Hokanson J, Edwards K . Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol. 1998; 81(4A):7B-12B. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00031-9. View

Parthasarathy S, Bin Azizi J, Ramanathan S, Ismail S, Sasidharan S, Said M . Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous, methanolic and alkaloid extracts from Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae family) leaves. Molecules. 2009; 14(10):3964-74. PMC: 6255380. DOI: 10.3390/molecules14103964. View

Saingam D, Assanangkornchai S, Geater A, Balthip Q . Pattern and consequences of krathom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use among male villagers in southern Thailand: a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy. 2012; 24(4):351-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.09.004. View

Ellis C, Racz R, Kruhlak N, Kim M, Zakharov A, Southall N . Evaluating kratom alkaloids using PHASE. PLoS One. 2020; 15(3):e0229646. PMC: 7053747. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229646. View

Veltri C, Grundmann O . Current perspectives on the impact of Kratom use. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2019; 10:23-31. PMC: 6612999. DOI: 10.2147/SAR.S164261. View

Trakulsrichai S, Sathirakul K, Auparakkitanon S, Krongvorakul J, Sueajai J, Noumjad N . Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015; 9:2421-9. PMC: 4425236. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S79658. View

Singh D, Muller C, Murugaiyah V, Hamid S, Vicknasingam B, Avery B . Evaluating the hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017; 214:197-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.017. View

Leong Bin Abdullah M, Tan K, Mohd Isa S, Yusoff N, Chear N, Singh D . Lipid profile of regular kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) users in the community setting. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6):e0234639. PMC: 7289408. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234639. View

10.

. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001; 285(19):2486-97. DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486. View

11.

Scherer D, Nicholls S . Lowering triglycerides to modify cardiovascular risk: will icosapent deliver?. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2015; 11:203-9. PMC: 4378876. DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S40134. View

12.

Yu L, Li Y, Su M, Zhang M, Zhang W, Zhang L . Development of Novel Alkene Oxindole Derivatives As Orally Efficacious AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activators. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2014; 4(5):475-80. PMC: 4027511. DOI: 10.1021/ml400028q. View

13.

Gupta S, Sodhi S, Mahajan V . Correlation of antioxidants with lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2009; 13(8):889-94. DOI: 10.1517/14728220903099668. View

14.

Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Heidarian E, Mohammadizadeh F, Rafieian-Kopaei M . Herbs with anti-lipid effects and their interactions with statins as a chemical anti- hyperlipidemia group drugs: A systematic review. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015; 11(4):244-51. PMC: 4593660. View

15.

Spinardi A, Cola G, Gardana C, Mignani I . Variation of Anthocyanin Content and Profile Throughout Fruit Development and Ripening of Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Grown at Two Different Altitudes. Front Plant Sci. 2019; 10:1045. PMC: 6737079. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01045. View

16.

Sadilova E, Stintzing F, Carle R . Anthocyanins, colour and antioxidant properties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and violet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) peel extracts. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2006; 61(7-8):527-35. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2006-7-810. View

17.

Gordon D, Probstfield J, Garrison R, Neaton J, CASTELLI W, Knoke J . High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989; 79(1):8-15. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.79.1.8. View

18.

Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P, Kaptoge S, Ray K, Thompson A . Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA. 2009; 302(18):1993-2000. PMC: 3284229. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1619. View

19.

Huang S, Li J, Shearer G, Lichtenstein A, Zheng X, Wu Y . Longitudinal study of alcohol consumption and HDL concentrations: a community-based study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 105(4):905-912. PMC: 5366050. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.144832. View

20.

Grundy S, Cleeman J, Merz C, Brewer Jr H, Clark L, Hunninghake D . Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24(8):e149-61. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000133317.49796.0E. View