Sex Differences in the Association of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes with Microvascular Complications and Function: The Maastricht Study

Overview

Journal Cardiovasc Diabetol

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialties Cardiology & Vascular Diseases
Endocrinology

Date 2021 May 8

PMID 33962619

Citations 25

Authors

Rianneke de Ritter

Simone J S Sep

Carla J H van der Kallen

Marleen M J van Greevenbroek

Marit de Jong

Rimke C Vos

Michiel L Bots

Jos P H Reulen

Alfons J H M Houben

Carroll A B Webers

Tos T J M Berendschot

Pieter C Dagnelie

Simone J P M Eussen

Miranda T Schram

Annemarie Koster

Sanne A E Peters

Coen D A Stehouwer

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Women with type 2 diabetes are disproportionally affected by macrovascular complications; we here investigated whether this is also the case for microvascular complications and retinal microvascular measures.

Methods: In a population-based cohort study of individuals aged 40-75 years (n = 3410; 49% women, 29% type 2 diabetes (oversampled by design)), we estimated sex-specific associations, and differences therein, of (pre)diabetes (reference: normal glucose metabolism), and of continuous measures of glycemia with microvascular complications and retinal measures (nephropathy, sensory neuropathy, and retinal arteriolar and venular diameters and dilatation). Sex differences were analyzed using regression models with interaction terms (i.e. sex-by- (pre)diabetes and sex-by-glycemia) and were adjusted for potential confounders.

Results: Men with type 2 diabetes (but not those with prediabetes) compared to men with normal glucose metabolism, (and men with higher levels of glycemia), had significantly higher prevalences of nephropathy (odds ratio: 1.58 95% CI (1.01;2.46)) and sensory neuropathy (odds ratio: 2.46 (1.67;3.63)), larger retinal arteriolar diameters (difference: 4.29 µm (1.22;7.36)) and less retinal arteriolar dilatation (difference: - 0.74% (- 1.22; - 0.25)). In women, these associations were numerically in the same direction, but generally not statistically significant (odds ratios: 1.71 (0.90;3.25) and 1.22 (0.75;1.98); differences: 0.29 µm (- 3.50;4.07) and: - 0.52% (- 1.11;0.08), respectively). Interaction analyses revealed no consistent pattern of sex differences in the associations of either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes or glycemia with microvascular complications or retinal measures. The prevalence of advanced-stage complications was too low for evaluation.

Conclusions: Our findings show that women with type 2 diabetes are not disproportionately affected by early microvascular complications.

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