Metabolic Survival Adaptations of Plasmodium Falciparum Exposed to Sublethal Doses of Fosmidomycin

The malaria parasite contains the apicoplast organelle that synthesizes isoprenoids, which are metabolites necessary for posttranslational modification of proteins. We used fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that inhibits isoprenoid biosynthesis, to identify mechanisms that underlie the development of the parasite's adaptation to the drug at sublethal concentrations. We first determined a concentration of fosmidomycin that reduced parasite growth by ∼50% over one intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC). At this dose, we maintained synchronous parasite cultures for one full IDC and collected metabolomic and transcriptomic data at multiple time points to capture global and stage-specific alterations. We integrated the data with a genome-scale metabolic model of to characterize the metabolic adaptations of the parasite in response to fosmidomycin treatment. Our simulations showed that, in treated parasites, the synthesis of purine-based nucleotides increased, whereas the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine during the trophozoite and schizont stages decreased. Specifically, the increased polyamine synthesis led to increased nucleotide synthesis, while the reduced methyl-group cycling led to reduced phospholipid synthesis and methyltransferase activities. These results indicate that fosmidomycin-treated parasites compensate for the loss of prenylation modifications by directly altering processes that affect nucleotide synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis to control the rate of RNA translation during the IDC. This also suggests that combination therapies with antibiotics that target the compensatory response of the parasite, such as nucleotide synthesis or ribosomal biogenesis, may be more effective than treating the parasite with fosmidomycin alone.