Cyclic Imines (CIs) in Mussels from North-Central Adriatic Sea: First Evidence of Gymnodimine A in Italy

Overview

Journal Toxins (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Toxicology

Date 2020 Jun 10

PMID 32512714

Citations 11

Authors

Simone Bacchiocchi

Melania Siracusa

Debora Campacci

Martina Ciriaci

Alessandra Dubbini

Tamara Tavoloni

Arianna Stramenga

Stefania Gorbi

Arianna Piersanti

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Cyclic imines (CIs) are emerging marine lipophilic toxins (MLTs) occurring in microalgae and shellfish worldwide. The present research aimed to study CIs in mussels farmed in the Adriatic Sea (Italy) during the period 2014-2015. Twenty-eight different compounds belonging to spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), pinnatoxins (PnTXs) and pteriatoxins (PtTXs) were analyzed by the official method for MLTs in 139 mussel samples collected along the Marche coast. Compounds including 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMe SPX C) and 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C (13,19-didesMe SPX C) were detected in 86% of the samples. The highest levels were generally reported in the first half of the year reaching 29.2 µg kg in January/March with a decreasing trend until June. GYM A, for the first time reported in Italian mussels, was found in 84% of the samples, reaching the highest concentration in summer (12.1 µg kg). GYM A and SPXs, submitted to tissue distribution studies, showed the tendency to accumulate mostly in mussel digestive glands. Even if SPX levels in mussels were largely below the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference of 400 μg SPXs kg, most of the samples contained CIs for the large part of the year. Since chronic toxicity data are still missing, monitoring is surely recommended.

Citing Articles

The Chemistry of Phytoplankton.

Liu X, Bian Z, Hu S, Dickinson C, Benjamin M, Jia J Chem Rev. 2024; 124(23):13099-13177.

PMID: 39571071 PMC: 11638913. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00177.

Does climate change increase the risk of marine toxins? Insights from changing seawater conditions.

Meng R, Du X, Ge K, Wu C, Zhang Z, Liang X Arch Toxicol. 2024; 98(9):2743-2762.

PMID: 38795135 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03784-5.

A Review of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish: Worldwide Occurrence, Toxicity and Assessment of the Risk to Consumers.

Finch S, Harwood D, Boundy M, Selwood A Mar Drugs. 2024; 22(3).

PMID: 38535470 PMC: 10971999. DOI: 10.3390/md22030129.

The Temporal Distribution of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish in the Bays of Fangar and Alfacs, Northwestern Mediterranean Region.

Barreiro-Crespo L, Fernandez-Tejedor M, Diogene J, Rambla-Alegre M Toxins (Basel). 2024; 16(1).

PMID: 38251227 PMC: 10819045. DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010010.

Lipophilic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Marine Invertebrates from the Galician Coast.

Rossignoli A, Ben-Gigirey B, Cid M, Marino C, Martin H, Garrido S Toxins (Basel). 2023; 15(11).

PMID: 37999494 PMC: 10675701. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110631.

References

Takahashi E, Yu Q, Eaglesham G, Connell D, McBroom J, Costanzo S . Occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in water, phytoplankton and shellfish from North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia. Mar Environ Res. 2007; 64(4):429-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.03.005. View

Zurhelle C, Nieva J, Tillmann U, Harder T, Krock B, Tebben J . Identification of Novel Gymnodimines and Spirolides from the Marine Dinoflagellate . Mar Drugs. 2018; 16(11). PMC: 6266918. DOI: 10.3390/md16110446. View

Villar Gonzalez A, Rodriguez-Velasco M, Ben-Gigirey B, Botana L . First evidence of spirolides in Spanish shellfish. Toxicon. 2006; 48(8):1068-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.09.001. View

Salgado P, Riobo P, Rodriguez F, Franco J, Bravo I . Differences in the toxin profiles of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) strains isolated from different geographic origins: Evidence of paralytic toxin, spirolide, and gymnodimine. Toxicon. 2015; 103:85-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.015. View

Blanco J, Acosta C, Bermudez de la Puente M, Salgado C . Depuration and anatomical distribution of the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin domoic acid in the king scallop Pecten maximus. Aquat Toxicol. 2002; 60(1-2):111-21. DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(01)00274-0. View

Giuliani M, Accoroni S, Mezzelani M, Lugarini F, Bacchiocchi S, Siracusa M . Biological Effects of the Azaspiracid-Producing Dinoflagellate in from the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Drugs. 2019; 17(10). PMC: 6835248. DOI: 10.3390/md17100595. View

McCarron P, Rourke W, Hardstaff W, Pooley B, Quilliam M . Identification of pinnatoxins and discovery of their fatty acid ester metabolites in mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) from eastern Canada. J Agric Food Chem. 2012; 60(6):1437-46. DOI: 10.1021/jf204824s. View

Liu R, Liang Y, Wu X, Xu D, Liu Y, Liu L . First report on the detection of pectenotoxin groups in Chinese shellfish by LC-MS/MS. Toxicon. 2011; 57(7-8):1000-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.002. View

Aasen J, MacKinnon S, LeBlanc P, Walter J, Hovgaard P, Aune T . Detection and identification of spirolides in norwegian shellfish and plankton. Chem Res Toxicol. 2005; 18(3):509-15. DOI: 10.1021/tx049706n. View

10.

Selwood A, Miles C, Wilkins A, van Ginkel R, Munday R, Rise F . Isolation, structural determination and acute toxicity of pinnatoxins E, F and G. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58(10):6532-42. DOI: 10.1021/jf100267a. View

11.

Hess P, Abadie E, Herve F, Berteaux T, Sechet V, Araoz R . Pinnatoxin G is responsible for atypical toxicity in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clams (Venerupis decussata) from Ingril, a French Mediterranean lagoon. Toxicon. 2013; 75:16-26. PMC: 4106286. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.001. View

12.

Wu H, Yao J, Guo M, Tan Z, Zhou D, Zhai Y . Distribution of Marine Lipophilic Toxins in Shellfish Products Collected from the Chinese Market. Mar Drugs. 2015; 13(7):4281-95. PMC: 4515617. DOI: 10.3390/md13074281. View

13.

Cembella A, Lewis N, Quilliam M . Spirolide composition of micro-extracted pooled cells isolated from natural plankton assemblages and from cultures of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Nat Toxins. 2000; 7(5):197-206. DOI: 10.1002/1522-7189(200009/10)7:5<197::aid-nt62>3.0.co;2-h. View

14.

Otero P, Alfonso A, Vieytes M, Cabado A, Vieites J, Botana L . Effects of environmental regimens on the toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010; 29(2):301-310. DOI: 10.1002/etc.41. View

15.

Stivala C, Benoit E, Araoz R, Servent D, Novikov A, Molgo J . Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. Nat Prod Rep. 2014; 32(3):411-35. PMC: 4344380. DOI: 10.1039/c4np00089g. View

16.

Wu D, Chen J, He X, Wang J, Wang Z, Li X . Distribution, partitioning, and seasonal variation of lipophilic marine algal toxins in aquatic environments of a typical semi-closed mariculture bay. Environ Pollut. 2019; 255(Pt 2):113299. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113299. View

17.

Blanco J, Marino C, Martin H, Acosta C . Anatomical distribution of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxicon. 2007; 50(8):1011-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.09.002. View

18.

Bire R, Krys S, Fremy J, Dragacci S, Stirling D, Kharrat R . First evidence on occurrence of gymnodimine in clams from Tunisia. J Nat Toxins. 2002; 11(4):269-75. View

19.

McCarthy M, Bane V, Garcia-Altares M, van Pelt F, Furey A, OHalloran J . Assessment of emerging biotoxins (pinnatoxin G and spirolides) at Europe's first marine reserve: Lough Hyne. Toxicon. 2015; 108:202-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.007. View

20.

Al Muftah A, Selwood A, Foss A, Al-Jabri H, Potts M, Yilmaz M . Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon. 2016; 122:54-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.016. View