Epac2 Promotes Axonal Outgrowth and Attenuates the Glial Reaction in an Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Overview

Journal J Neurosci

Specialty Neurology

Date 2020 Mar 13

PMID 32161180

Authors

Seth D Holland

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

References

Weishaupt N, Blesch A, Fouad K . BDNF: the career of a multifaceted neurotrophin in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2012; 238(2):254-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.001. View

Quan Y, Jiang J, Dingledine R . EP2 receptor signaling pathways regulate classical activation of microglia. J Biol Chem. 2013; 288(13):9293-302. PMC: 3611000. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.455816. View

Guijarro-Belmar A, Viskontas M, Wei Y, Bo X, Shewan D, Huang W . Epac2 Elevation Reverses Inhibition by Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans and Transforms Postlesion Inhibitory Environment to Promote Axonal Outgrowth in an Model of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci. 2019; 39(42):8330-8346. PMC: 6794932. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0374-19.2019. View

ODonovan K, Ma K, Guo H, Wang C, Sun F, Han S . B-RAF kinase drives developmental axon growth and promotes axon regeneration in the injured mature CNS. J Exp Med. 2014; 211(5):801-14. PMC: 4010899. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131780. View

Cai D, Qiu J, Cao Z, McAtee M, Bregman B, Filbin M . Neuronal cyclic AMP controls the developmental loss in ability of axons to regenerate. J Neurosci. 2001; 21(13):4731-9. PMC: 6762375. View

Cigognini D, Silva D, Paloppi S, Gelain F . Evaluation of mechanical properties and therapeutic effect of injectable self-assembling hydrogels for spinal cord injury. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2014; 10(2):309-23. DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1759. View

Pearse D, Pereira F, Marcillo A, Bates M, Berrocal Y, Filbin M . cAMP and Schwann cells promote axonal growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nat Med. 2004; 10(6):610-6. DOI: 10.1038/nm1056. View

Kilmer S, Carlsen R . Forskolin activation of adenylate cyclase in vivo stimulates nerve regeneration. Nature. 1984; 307(5950):455-7. DOI: 10.1038/307455a0. View

Neumann S, Bradke F, Tessier-Lavigne M, Basbaum A . Regeneration of sensory axons within the injured spinal cord induced by intraganglionic cAMP elevation. Neuron. 2002; 34(6):885-93. DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00702-x. View

10.

de Rooij J, Zwartkruis F, Verheijen M, Cool R, Nijman S, Wittinghofer A . Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP. Nature. 1998; 396(6710):474-7. DOI: 10.1038/24884. View

11.

Qiu J, Cai D, Dai H, McAtee M, Hoffman P, Bregman B . Spinal axon regeneration induced by elevation of cyclic AMP. Neuron. 2002; 34(6):895-903. DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00730-4. View

12.

Murray A, Shewan D . Epac mediates cyclic AMP-dependent axon growth, guidance and regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2008; 38(4):578-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.006. View

13.

Kajana S, Goshgarian H . Systemic administration of rolipram increases medullary and spinal cAMP and activates a latent respiratory motor pathway after high cervical spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009; 32(2):175-82. PMC: 2678289. DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2009.11760769. View

14.

Shieh P, Hu S, Bobb K, Timmusk T, Ghosh A . Identification of a signaling pathway involved in calcium regulation of BDNF expression. Neuron. 1998; 20(4):727-40. DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81011-9. View

15.

Song H, Ming G, He Z, Lehmann M, McKerracher L, Tessier-Lavigne M . Conversion of neuronal growth cone responses from repulsion to attraction by cyclic nucleotides. Science. 1998; 281(5382):1515-8. DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5382.1515. View

16.

Hellal F, Hurtado A, Ruschel J, Flynn K, Laskowski C, Umlauf M . Microtubule stabilization reduces scarring and causes axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Science. 2011; 331(6019):928-31. PMC: 3330754. DOI: 10.1126/science.1201148. View

17.

Yang Z, Ming X . Functions of arginase isoforms in macrophage inflammatory responses: impact on cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Front Immunol. 2014; 5:533. PMC: 4209887. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00533. View

18.

Gao Y, Deng K, Hou J, Bryson J, Barco A, Nikulina E . Activated CREB is sufficient to overcome inhibitors in myelin and promote spinal axon regeneration in vivo. Neuron. 2004; 44(4):609-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.030. View

19.

Wei D, Hurd C, Galleguillos D, Singh J, Fenrich K, Webber C . Inhibiting cortical protein kinase A in spinal cord injured rats enhances efficacy of rehabilitative training. Exp Neurol. 2016; 283(Pt A):365-74. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.001. View