Extracellular Traps: An Ancient Weapon of Multiple Kingdoms

Overview

Journal Biology (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Biology

Date 2020 Feb 23

PMID 32085405

Citations 27

Authors

Ariane Neumann

Graham Brogden

Maren von Kockritz-Blickwede

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The discovery, in 2004, of extracellular traps released by neutrophils has extended our understanding of the mode of action of various innate immune cells. This fascinating discovery demonstrated the extracellular trapping and killing of various pathogens by neutrophils. During the last decade, evidence has accumulated showing that extracellular traps play a crucial role in the defence mechanisms of various cell types present in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. The aim of this review is to summarise the relevant literature on the evolutionary history of extracellular traps used as a weapon in various kingdoms of life.

Citing Articles

Cellular immune responses of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils to .

Silva L, Lopez-Osorio S, Peixoto R, Zhou E, Espinosa G, Gartner U Front Immunol. 2025; 16:1515419.

PMID: 40018045 PMC: 11865088. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1515419.

The effect of chemical fixation with paraformaldehyde, glutardialdehyde or methanol on immunofluorescence staining of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps.

Pilchova V, Richter A, Meurer M, Schulz C, von Kockritz-Blickwede M Innate Immun. 2025; 31:17534259241307563.

PMID: 39967319 PMC: 11837135. DOI: 10.1177/17534259241307563.

Soluble Antigen (Ag)-Induced NETs Under Hypoxic Conditions Exert Cytotoxic Effects on Hepatic Cells In Vitro.

Munoz-Caro T, Quiroz P, Abarca C, Gomez-Ceruti M, Alarcon P, Teuber S Animals (Basel). 2024; 14(23).

PMID: 39682421 PMC: 11640480. DOI: 10.3390/ani14233456.

The CAMKK/AMPK Pathway Contributes to -Induced NETosis in Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils.

Conejeros I, Velasquez Z, Rojas-Baron L, Espinosa G, Hermosilla C, Taubert A Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(15).

PMID: 39126009 PMC: 11313139. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158442.

Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Novel Molecules to Treat the Disease.

Bivona G, Sammataro S, Ghersi G Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(14).

PMID: 39063135 PMC: 11277093. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147893.

References

Camp J, Bagci U, Chu Y, Squier B, Fraig M, Uriarte S . Lower Respiratory Tract Infection of the Ferret by 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza A Virus Triggers Biphasic, Systemic, and Local Recruitment of Neutrophils. J Virol. 2015; 89(17):8733-48. PMC: 4524093. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00817-15. View

Neumann A, Brogden G, Jerjomiceva N, Brodesser S, Naim H, von Kockritz-Blickwede M . Lipid alterations in human blood-derived neutrophils lead to formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Eur J Cell Biol. 2014; 93(8-9):347-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.07.005. View

Euler M, Hoffmann M . The double-edged role of neutrophil extracellular traps in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans. 2019; 47(6):1921-1930. DOI: 10.1042/BST20190629. View

Yildiz K, Gokpinar S, Gazyagci A, Babur C, Sursal N, Azkur A . Role of NETs in the difference in host susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii between sheep and cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2017; 189:1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.05.005. View

Gondaira S, Higuchi H, Nishi K, Iwano H, Nagahata H . Mycoplasma bovis escapes bovine neutrophil extracellular traps. Vet Microbiol. 2017; 199:68-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.022. View

Park S, Shrestha S, Youn Y, Kim J, Kim S, Kim H . Autophagy Primes Neutrophils for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation during Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 196(5):577-589. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201603-0596OC. View

Baien S, Langer M, Heppelmann M, von Kockritz-Blickwede M, de Buhr N . Comparison Between KEDTA and Lithium Heparin as Anticoagulant to Isolate Bovine Granulocytes From Blood. Front Immunol. 2018; 9:1570. PMC: 6052352. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01570. View

Palic D, Andreasen C, Ostojic J, Tell R, Roth J . Zebrafish (Danio rerio) whole kidney assays to measure neutrophil extracellular trap release and degranulation of primary granules. J Immunol Methods. 2007; 319(1-2):87-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.003. View

McIlroy D, Jarnicki A, Au G, Lott N, Smith D, Hansbro P . Mitochondrial DNA neutrophil extracellular traps are formed after trauma and subsequent surgery. J Crit Care. 2014; 29(6):1133.e1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.07.013. View

10.

Lacerda L, Dos Santos J, Wardini A, Silva A, Santos A, Freire H . Toxoplasma gondii induces extracellular traps release in cat neutrophils. Exp Parasitol. 2019; 207:107770. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107770. View

11.

Behrendt J, Ruiz A, Zahner H, Taubert A, Hermosilla C . Neutrophil extracellular trap formation as innate immune reactions against the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2009; 133(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.06.012. View

12.

Hashiba M, Huq A, Tomino A, Hirakawa A, Hattori T, Miyabe H . Neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with sepsis. J Surg Res. 2014; 194(1):248-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.09.033. View

13.

Wen L, Zhao M, Chi H, Sun L . Histones and chymotrypsin-like elastases play significant roles in the antimicrobial activity of tongue sole neutrophil extracellular traps. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2017; 72:470-476. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.004. View

14.

Cools-Lartigue J, Spicer J, Najmeh S, Ferri L . Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer progression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014; 71(21):4179-94. PMC: 7096049. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1683-3. View

15.

Munoz-Caro T, Lendner M, Daugschies A, Hermosilla C, Taubert A . NADPH oxidase, MPO, NE, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Ca2+ influx are essential for Cryptosporidium parvum-induced NET formation. Dev Comp Immunol. 2015; 52(2):245-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.007. View

16.

Hong W, Juneau R, Pang B, Swords W . Survival of bacterial biofilms within neutrophil extracellular traps promotes nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae persistence in the chinchilla model for otitis media. J Innate Immun. 2010; 1(3):215-24. PMC: 6951045. DOI: 10.1159/000205937. View

17.

Wang Y, Wang W, Wang N, Tall A, Tabas I . Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Promotes Atherosclerosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Aged Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017; 37(8):e99-e107. PMC: 5535797. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.117.309580. View

18.

Wilton M, Charron-Mazenod L, Moore R, Lewenza S . Extracellular DNA Acidifies Biofilms and Induces Aminoglycoside Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015; 60(1):544-53. PMC: 4704225. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01650-15. View

19.

Jeffery U, Kimura K, Gray R, Lueth P, Bellaire B, LeVine D . Dogs cast NETs too: Canine neutrophil extracellular traps in health and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2015; 168(3-4):262-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.014. View

20.

Katavolos P, Ackerley C, Clark M, Bienzle D . Clara cell secretory protein increases phagocytic and decreases oxidative activity of neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010; 139(1):1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.021. View