Evidence of Colistin Resistance Genes ( and ) in Wild Birds and Its Public Health Implication in Egypt

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most severe global threats to human and veterinary Medicinstin is an effective therapeutic agent against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. However, the discovery of transferable plasmids that confer resistance to colistin ( has led to challenges in medical science. This study describes the role of wild birds in the harbouring and environmental spread of colistin-resistant bacteria, which could pose a potential hazard to human and animal health.

Methods: In total, 140 faecal samples from wild birds (migratory and resident birds) were tested. Twenty surface water samples were collected from the area in which wild bird trapping was conducted, and 50 human stool samples were collected from individuals residing near the surface water sources and farm buildings. Isolation and identification of and from the different samples were performed using conventional culture techniques and biochemical identification. PCR amplification of the genes was performed in all positive isolates. Sequencing of -1 genes from three randomly selected carrying mcr-1 isolates; wild birds, water and humans was performed.

Result: The bacteriological examination of the samples showing isolates of , , and . The results of multiplex PCR of the genes revealed that was the most prevalent gram-negative bacterium harbouring the genes, whereas a low prevalence was observed for . The prevalence of 1 in resident birds, migratory birds, water sources and humans were 10.4, 20,16.6 and 9.6% while the prevalence of -2 were 1.4, 3.6, 11.1 and 9.6%, respectively. Sequencing of the gene from the three carrying - isolates indicated a possible correlation between the wild bird and surface water isolates.

Conclusion: The detection of -1-positive bacteria in wild birds in Egypt indicates the possible environmental dissemination of this gene through bird activity. The impact of the interaction between domestic and wild animals on public health cannot be overlooked.