Review of Factors Contributing to Nodular Goiter and Thyroid Carcinoma

Overview

Journal Med Princ Pract

Publisher Karger

Specialties General Medicine
Medical Education

Date 2019 Sep 23

PMID 31542786

Citations 30

Authors

Ilgin Yildirim Simsir

Sevki Cetinkalp

Taylan Kabalak

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

There is an increased incidence of thyroid nodules and cancer. In this article, the reasons for this increase are evaluated and discussed. The factors causing increases in the incidence of nodules are the same as those causing increases in thyroid cancer. There are publications from all over the world regarding the rising incidence of thyroid cancer; it is especially associated with papillary cancer. The literature was reviewed and evaluated with regard to this significant phenomenon. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the main mitotic factor. Any agent that elevates TSH will stimulate nodule formation. Therefore, the incidence of thyroid nodules is high in endemic goiter regions due to iodine deficiency. This paper has described many of the factors causing this higher incidence. Of note, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are important factors associated with the increased incidence of nodular goiter and papillary thyroid cancer today. However, these data must be confirmed by other studies in the future.

Citing Articles

The Association of Gene Polymorphism and Protein Expression With Histopathological Alterations in Patients With Thyroid Colloid Nodule.

Abdalfatah M, Shareef A, Saleh L, Rajab M, Smail S, Abdulla S Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2025; 2025:6796922.

PMID: 40008182 PMC: 11858711. DOI: 10.1155/ancp/6796922.

Relationship of modifiable risk factors with the incidence of thyroid cancer: a worldwide study.

Maleki Z, Hassanzadeh J, Ghaem H BMC Res Notes. 2025; 18(1):22.

PMID: 39825428 PMC: 11748574. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-07058-2.

Characteristics of Nodular Goitre and Its Correlation With Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Wang M, Ma S, Jiang G, Du D Cureus. 2024; 16(11):e74780.

PMID: 39737304 PMC: 11684543. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.74780.

Causal effects of thyroid volume change on thyroid disease: a Mendelian randomization study.

Yuan H, Fang D, Wang C, Zheng K, Oh M, Wang Y Gland Surg. 2024; 13(11):2163-2173.

PMID: 39678427 PMC: 11635569. DOI: 10.21037/gs-24-441.

Predictive value of IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio for thyroid nodules in type 2 diabetic mellitus.

Liu B, Wang Y Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024; 15:1444279.

PMID: 39444449 PMC: 11496060. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1444279.

References

Racataianu N, Leach N, Bondor C, Marza S, Moga D, Valea A . Thyroid disorders in obese patients. Does insulin resistance make a difference?. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 61(6):575-583. PMC: 10522069. DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000306. View

Vella V, Sciacca L, Pandini G, MINEO R, Squatrito S, Vigneri R . The IGF system in thyroid cancer: new concepts. Mol Pathol. 2001; 54(3):121-4. PMC: 1187048. DOI: 10.1136/mp.54.3.121. View

Clinkscales W, Ong A, Nguyen S, Harruff E, Gillespie M . Diagnostic Value of RAS Mutations in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017; 156(3):472-479. DOI: 10.1177/0194599816685697. View

Buscemi S, Massenti F, Vasto S, Galvano F, Buscemi C, Corleo D . Association of obesity and diabetes with thyroid nodules. Endocrine. 2017; 60(2):339-347. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1394-2. View

Zimmermann M, Galetti V . Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Thyroid Res. 2015; 8:8. PMC: 4490680. DOI: 10.1186/s13044-015-0020-8. View

Feng S, Zhang Z, Xu S, Mao X, Feng Y, Zhu Y . The Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Their Association with Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in a Moderate Iodine Intake Area. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2016; 15(2):93-97. DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0077. View

Kheder S, Sisley K, Hadad S, Balasubramanian S . Effects of prolonged exposure to low dose metformin in thyroid cancer cell lines. J Cancer. 2017; 8(6):1053-1061. PMC: 5436259. DOI: 10.7150/jca.16584. View

Uddin S, Hussain A, Siraj A, Khan O, Bavi P, Al-Kuraya K . Role of leptin and its receptors in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2011; 4(7):637-43. PMC: 3209603. View

Tsatsoulis A . The Role of Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinism on the Rising Trend of Thyroid and Adrenal Nodular Disease in the Current Environment. J Clin Med. 2018; 7(3). PMC: 5867563. DOI: 10.3390/jcm7030037. View

10.

Popoveniuc G, Jonklaas J . Thyroid nodules. Med Clin North Am. 2012; 96(2):329-49. PMC: 3575959. DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.002. View

11.

Iglesias M, Schmidt A, Al Ghuzlan A, Lacroix L, De Vathaire F, Chevillard S . Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer: a review. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017; 61(2):180-187. PMC: 10118869. DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000257. View

12.

Duran A, Anil C, Gursoy A, Nar A, Inanc M, Bozkurt O . Thyroid volume in patients with glucose metabolism disorders. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2014; 58(8):824-7. DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003418. View

13.

Cheng S, Yin P, Chang Y, Lee C, Huang S, Chi C . Differential roles of leptin in regulating cell migration in thyroid cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2010; 23(6):1721-7. DOI: 10.3892/or_00000817. View

14.

Blanc E, Ponce C, Brodschi D, Nepote A, Barreto A, Schnitman M . Association between worse metabolic control and increased thyroid volume and nodular disease in elderly adults with metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2015; 13(5):221-6. DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.0158. View

15.

Raucci R, Rusolo F, Sharma A, Colonna G, Castello G, Costantini S . Functional and structural features of adipokine family. Cytokine. 2012; 61(1):1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.036. View

16.

Kir S, Aydin Y, Coskun H . Relationship between metabolic syndrome and nodular thyroid diseases. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2017; 78(1-2):6-10. DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1402363. View

17.

Ye L, Zhou X, Huang F, Wang W, Qi Y, Xu H . The genetic landscape of benign thyroid nodules revealed by whole exome and transcriptome sequencing. Nat Commun. 2017; 8:15533. PMC: 5465355. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15533. View

18.

Pellegriti G, Frasca F, Regalbuto C, Squatrito S, Vigneri R . Worldwide increasing incidence of thyroid cancer: update on epidemiology and risk factors. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2013; 2013:965212. PMC: 3664492. DOI: 10.1155/2013/965212. View

19.

Radkay L, Chiosea S, Seethala R, Hodak S, LeBeau S, Yip L . Thyroid nodules with KRAS mutations are different from nodules with NRAS and HRAS mutations with regard to cytopathologic and histopathologic outcome characteristics. Cancer Cytopathol. 2014; 122(12):873-82. DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21474. View

20.

Ortiga-Carvalho T, Oliveira K, Soares B, Pazos-Moura C . The role of leptin in the regulation of TSH secretion in the fed state: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Endocrinol. 2002; 174(1):121-5. DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1740121. View