Maternal Vitamin D Level and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism As a Risk Factor for Congenital Heart Diseases in Offspring; An Egyptian Case-control Study

Vitamin D & vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling play a very crucial role in early embryonic heart development. We construct this case-control study to investigate the association between maternal serum vitamin D level & VDR gene Fok1 polymorphism and risk of congenital heart defects (CHD) in offspring. Fifty mothers who had term neonates with CHD were considered as cases. Fifty age-comparable healthy mothers who had neonates without CHD were contemplated as controls. Maternal serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] level was tested using ELISA. Maternal VDR gene Fok1 polymorphism was analyzed using PCR-based RFLP-assay. There was a significant decrease in maternal vitamin D level ( = 0.002) and a significant increase in vitamin D deficient status ( = 0.007) among cases when compared to controls. VDR gene Fok1 genotypes distribution frequency were in accordance with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HW) among controls. A significant increase in VDR gene Fok1 F/f & f/f genotypes and f allele were observed in cases compared to controls with estimated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) & -value of 3 (1-8) &  = 0.006, 11 (1-97) &  = 0.01 and 3 (2-6) &  = 0.001 respectively. There was a significant decrease in maternal vitamin D level in neonates with cyanotic CHD ( = 0.000) compared to those with a cyanotic CHD while there was no significant difference in VDR Fok1 genotype ( = 0.18) & allele ( = 0.05) distribution between two groups. We concluded that maternal vitamin D deficiency and VDR gene Fok1 F/f, f/f genotype and f allele were associated with increased risk of CHD in offspring.