Phytochemical Profile, Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-proliferative Activities of Essential Oils

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from aerial parts of were analyzed for GC-MS profiling, and evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 47 constituents, establishing the EOs rich in sesquiterpene with > 20 sesquiterpenes constituting around 77% of the total EO yield. Major constituents included Curzerene (Benzofuran, 6-ethenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-5-isopropenyl-, trans-) (26.39%) and epi-Cadinol (22.68%), Ethanone, 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl) (6.83%, Acetophenones), and Boldenone (3.47%, anabolic steroid). EOs found to be rich in phytochemicals attributed for antioxidant potentials of aromatic/medicinal plants, viz., flavonoids (2.71 µg quercetin equivalents g EO), total phenols (3.94 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g EO), carotenoids (14.3 µg β-carotene equivalents g EO), and ascorbic acid (2.21 µg ascorbic acid equivalents g EO). EOs exhibited striking antioxidant activities assessed by wide range of assays including ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP, 255.3 GAE at 2 µg mL EO), total antioxidant activity (TAA, 264.3 GAE at 2 µg ml) of EO, DPPH (65% inhibition at 2 µg mL), and OH (58% inhibition at 2 µg mL) scavenging. Interestingly, EOs showed considerably higher anti-lipid peroxidation activity than the standard antioxidant molecule ascorbic acid, with 50% protection by 1.29 µg mL EO against 20.0 µg mL standard. EOs showed strong anti-inflammatory activity with 50% inhibition at 1.95 µg mL EO. The anti-proliferative activity of EOs was tested against mouse cancer cell line and the EOs proved a potent anti-proliferative agent with only 2.1% cell survival at 2 µg mL EO, whereas the EOs were largely non-toxic-to-normal (non-cancerous) cells with approximately 80% cell survival at the 2 µg mL EOs. This being the first attempt of phytochemical profiling and wide array of biological activities of EOs holds significance as the striking activities were observed at very low concentrations, in some cases at lower than the commercial standards, and has, therefore, great potential for pharmaceutical or commercial exploration.