Estimating Duration-distance Relations in Cycle Commuting in the General Population

Overview

Journal PLoS One

Specialties General Medicine
Science

Date 2018 Nov 17

PMID 30444927

Citations 7

Authors

Peter Schantz

Lina Wahlgren

Jane Salier Eriksson

Johan Nilsson Sommar

Hans Rosdahl

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

It is important to estimate the duration-distance relation in cycle commuting in the general population since this enables analyses of the potential for various public health outcomes. Therefore, the aim is to estimate this relation in the Swedish adult population of 2015. For that purpose, the first step was to establishit for adult male and female cycle commuters in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. Whether or not the slopes of these relations needed to be altered in order to make them representative of the general population was evaluated by comparing the levels of maximal oxygen uptake in samples of commuter cyclists and the population. The measure used was the maximal oxygen uptake divided by both the body weight and a cycle weight of 18.5 kg. The body weights in the population samples were adjusted to mirror relevant levels in 2015. Age adjustments for the duration-distance relations were calculated on the basis of the maximal oxygen uptake in the population samples aged 20-65 years. The duration-distance relations of the cycle commuters were downscaled by about 24-28% to mirror levels in the general population. The empirical formula for the distance (D, km) was based on duration (T, minutes) · speed (km/min) · a correction factor from cycle commuter to the general population · age adjustment (A, years). For the males in the general population the formula was: D = T · 20.76 km/h · 0.719 · (1.676-0.0147 · A). For females, the formula was: D = T · 16.14 km/h · 0.763 · (1.604-0.0129 · A). These formulas, combined with distributions of route distances between home and work in the population, enable realistic evaluations of the potential for different public health outcomes through cycle commuting.

Citing Articles

Simulation of transient rolling resistance of bicycle tyres at various ambient temperatures.

Hyttinen J, Rothhamel M, Jerrelind J, Drugge L PLoS One. 2024; 19(6):e0302821.

PMID: 38935675 PMC: 11210805. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302821.

Overall health impacts of a potential increase in cycle commuting in Stockholm, Sweden.

Nilsson Sommar J, Johansson C, Lovenheim B, Schantz P, Markstedt A, Stromgren M Scand J Public Health. 2021; 50(5):552-564.

PMID: 33977822 PMC: 9203661. DOI: 10.1177/14034948211010024.

Potential for reduced premature mortality by current and increased bicycle commuting: a health impact assessment using registry data on home and work addresses in Stockholm, Sweden.

Nilsson Sommar J, Schantz P, Stromgren M, Forsberg B BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021; 7(1):e000980.

PMID: 33537153 PMC: 7849870. DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000980.

Perspectives on Exercise Intensity, Volume and Energy Expenditure in Habitual Cycle Commuting.

Schantz P, Eriksson J, Rosdahl H Front Sports Act Living. 2020; 2:65.

PMID: 33345056 PMC: 7739755. DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00065.

Potential Effects on Travelers' Air Pollution Exposure and Associated Mortality Estimated for a Mode Shift from Car to Bicycle Commuting.

Nilsson Sommar J, Johansson C, Lovenheim B, Markstedt A, Stromgren M, Forsberg B Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(20).

PMID: 33092089 PMC: 7589739. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207635.

References

Schantz P, Stigell E . A criterion method for measuring route distance in physically active commuting. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(2):472-8. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181877aaf. View

Johansson C, Lovenheim B, Schantz P, Wahlgren L, Almstrom P, Markstedt A . Impacts on air pollution and health by changing commuting from car to bicycle. Sci Total Environ. 2017; 584-585:55-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.145. View

Ekblom B, Engstrom L, Ekblom O . Secular trends of physical fitness in Swedish adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007; 17(3):267-73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00531.x. View

Borg G . Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1970; 2(2):92-8. View

Mytton O, Panter J, Ogilvie D . Longitudinal associations of active commuting with body mass index. Prev Med. 2016; 90:1-7. PMC: 5023394. DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.014. View

Juul F, Hemmingsson E . Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010. Public Health Nutr. 2015; 18(17):3096-107. PMC: 10277202. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015000506. View

Flint E, Cummins S . Active commuting and obesity in mid-life: cross-sectional, observational evidence from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4(5):420-35. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00053-X. View

Wahlgren L, Schantz P . Bikeability and methodological issues using the active commuting route environment scale (ACRES) in a metropolitan setting. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011; 11(1):6. PMC: 3032758. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-6. View

Swinburn B, Sacks G, Hall K, McPherson K, Finegood D, Moodie M . The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011; 378(9793):804-14. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1. View

10.

Atkinson G, Davison R, Jeukendrup A, Passfield L . Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research. J Sports Sci. 2003; 21(9):767-87. DOI: 10.1080/0264041031000102097. View

11.

Swain D . The influence of body mass in endurance bicycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994; 26(1):58-63. View

12.

ASTRAND I . Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1960; 49(169):1-92. View

13.

Faria E, Parker D, Faria I . The science of cycling: physiology and training - part 1. Sports Med. 2005; 35(4):285-312. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535040-00002. View

14.

Swain D, Coast J, Clifford P, Milliken M, Stray-Gundersen J . Influence of body size on oxygen consumption during bicycling. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1987; 62(2):668-72. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.668. View

15.

Grimby G, Saltin B . Physiological analysis of physically well-trained middle-aged and old athletes. Acta Med Scand. 1966; 179(5):513-26. DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb07968.x. View

16.

Astrand P, RYHMING I . A nomogram for calculation of aerobic capacity (physical fitness) from pulse rate during sub-maximal work. J Appl Physiol. 1954; 7(2):218-21. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1954.7.2.218. View

17.

Hendriksen I, Zuiderveld B, Kemper H, Bezemer P . Effect of commuter cycling on physical performance of male and female employees. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(2):504-10. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00037. View

18.

Hall K, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, Chow C, Wang Y, Gortmaker S . Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet. 2011; 378(9793):826-37. PMC: 3880593. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X. View

19.

Stigell E, Schantz P . Active Commuting Behaviors in a Nordic Metropolitan Setting in Relation to Modality, Gender, and Health Recommendations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15626-48. PMC: 4690944. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215008. View

20.

Broker J, Kyle C, Burke E . Racing cyclist power requirements in the 4000-m individual and team pursuits. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999; 31(11):1677-85. DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199911000-00026. View