In Situ Degradation and Characterization of Endosperm Starch in Waxy Rice with the Inhibition of Starch Branching Enzymes During Seedling Growth

Overview

Journal Int J Mol Sci

Publisher MDPI

Specialties Biochemistry
Chemistry
Molecular Biology

Date 2018 Nov 2

PMID 30380735

Citations 1

Authors

Ting Pan

Lingshang Lin

Qiaoquan Liu

Cunxu Wei

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

High-resistant starch cereal crops with the inhibition of the starch branching enzyme (SBE) have been widely studied. However, the effects of the inhibition of SBE on waxy cereal crops are unclear. A transgenic rice line (GTR) derived from a waxy rice cultivar Guang-ling-xiang-nuo (GLXN) has been developed through antisense RNA inhibition of both SBEI and SBEIIb. In this study, GLXN and GTR were cultivated in the dark only in deionized H₂O, and their shoot and root growth, starch in situ degradation, and starch property changes were investigated during seedling growth. Compared with GLXN, GTR showed a significantly slow seedling growth, which was not due to the embryo size and vitality. The slow degradation of starch in the seed restrained the seedling growth. GLXN starch was completely degraded gradually from the proximal to distal region of the embryo and from the outer to inner region in the endosperm, but GTR starch in the peripheral region of the endosperm was not completely degraded, and the starch residual was located in the outside of the compound starch though its degradation pattern was similar to GLXN. During seedling growth, GLXN starch had the same A-type crystallinity and a similar ordered structure, but the crystallinity changed from the C-type to B-type and the ordered structure gradually increased in the GTR starch. The above results indicated that GTR had a heterogeneous starch distributed regionally in the endosperm. The starch in the peripheral region of the endosperm had a B-type crystallinity, which was located in the outside of the compound starch and significantly increased the resistance to in situ degradation, leading to the seedling slow growth.

Citing Articles

Different Effects of Reactive Species Generated from Chemical Donors on Seed Germination, Growth, and Chemical Contents of L.

Chuesaard T, Peankid P, Thaworn S, Jaradrattanapaiboon A, Veerana M, Panngom K Plants (Basel). 2023; 12(4).

PMID: 36840122 PMC: 9966467. DOI: 10.3390/plants12040765.

References

Englyst H, Kingman S, Cummings J . Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1992; 46 Suppl 2:S33-50. View

Man J, Yang Y, Huang J, Zhang C, Chen Y, Wang Y . Effect of simultaneous inhibition of starch branching enzymes I and IIb on the crystalline structure of rice starches with different amylose contents. J Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61(41):9930-7. DOI: 10.1021/jf4030773. View

Wang J, Hu P, Lin L, Chen Z, Liu Q, Wei C . Gradually Decreasing Starch Branching Enzyme Expression Is Responsible for the Formation of Heterogeneous Starch Granules. Plant Physiol. 2017; 176(1):582-595. PMC: 5761781. DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01013. View

Regina A, Bird A, Topping D, Bowden S, Freeman J, Barsby T . High-amylose wheat generated by RNA interference improves indices of large-bowel health in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006; 103(10):3546-51. PMC: 1450120. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510737103. View

Xia H, Yandeau-Nelson M, Thompson D, Guiltinan M . Deficiency of maize starch-branching enzyme I results in altered starch fine structure, decreased digestibility and reduced coleoptile growth during germination. BMC Plant Biol. 2011; 11:95. PMC: 3245629. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-95. View

Sevenou O, Hill S, Farhat I, Mitchell J . Organisation of the external region of the starch granule as determined by infrared spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2003; 31(1-3):79-85. DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(02)00067-3. View

Cai C, Huang J, Zhao L, Liu Q, Zhang C, Wei C . Heterogeneous structure and spatial distribution in endosperm of high-amylose rice starch granules with different morphologies. J Agric Food Chem. 2014; 62(41):10143-52. DOI: 10.1021/jf502341q. View

Shaik S, Carciofi M, Martens H, Hebelstrup K, Blennow A . Starch bioengineering affects cereal grain germination and seedling establishment. J Exp Bot. 2014; 65(9):2257-70. PMC: 4036499. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru107. View

Wang J, Hu P, Chen Z, Liu Q, Wei C . Progress in High-Amylose Cereal Crops through Inactivation of Starch Branching Enzymes. Front Plant Sci. 2017; 8:469. PMC: 5379859. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00469. View

10.

Zhu L, Gu M, Meng X, Cheung S, Yu H, Huang J . High-amylose rice improves indices of animal health in normal and diabetic rats. Plant Biotechnol J. 2011; 10(3):353-62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00667.x. View

11.

He W, Lin L, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wei C . Inhibition of starch branching enzymes in waxy rice increases the proportion of long branch-chains of amylopectin resulting in the comb-like profiles of starch granules. Plant Sci. 2018; 277:177-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.008. View

12.

Pan T, Lin L, Wang J, Liu Q, Wei C . Long branch-chains of amylopectin with B-type crystallinity in rice seed with inhibition of starch branching enzyme I and IIb resist in situ degradation and inhibit plant growth during seedling development : Degradation of rice starch with.... BMC Plant Biol. 2018; 18(1):9. PMC: 5759222. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1219-8. View

13.

Carciofi M, Blennow A, Jensen S, Shaik S, Henriksen A, Buleon A . Concerted suppression of all starch branching enzyme genes in barley produces amylose-only starch granules. BMC Plant Biol. 2012; 12:223. PMC: 3537698. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-223. View

14.

Lin L, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Wei C . Evaluation of the Molecular Structural Parameters of Normal Rice Starch and Their Relationships with Its Thermal and Digestion Properties. Molecules. 2017; 22(9). PMC: 6151547. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091526. View

15.

Regina A, Kosar-Hashemi B, Ling S, Li Z, Rahman S, Morell M . Control of starch branching in barley defined through differential RNAi suppression of starch branching enzyme IIa and IIb. J Exp Bot. 2010; 61(5):1469-82. PMC: 2837261. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq011. View

16.

Slade A, McGuire C, Loeffler D, Mullenberg J, Skinner W, Fazio G . Development of high amylose wheat through TILLING. BMC Plant Biol. 2012; 12:69. PMC: 3424102. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-69. View

17.

Tian Z, Qian Q, Liu Q, Yan M, Liu X, Yan C . Allelic diversities in rice starch biosynthesis lead to a diverse array of rice eating and cooking qualities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106(51):21760-5. PMC: 2793318. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912396106. View