Bioinspired, Multiscale Reinforced Composites with Exceptionally High Strength and Toughness

Nature's multiscale reinforcing mechanisms in fabricating composite armors, such as seashells, provide lessons for engineering materials design and manufacturing. However, it is still a challenge to simultaneously add both micro- and nanoreinforcements in a matrix material since nano-fillers tend to agglomerate, decreasing their reinforcing effects. In this study, we report a new type of micro/nano hybrid filler, synthesized by an unconventional cotton aided method, which has BC microplatelet as the core and radially aligned BC nanowires as the shell. To enhance the bonding between the BC fillers and epoxy, the BC micro/nano-fillers were coated with a layer of polyaniline (PANI). With a low concentration of the PANI functionalized BC micro/nano-fillers (1 wt %), this BC/epoxy composite exhibited an exceptional combination of mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus (∼3.47 GPa), toughness (2026.3 kJ/m), and fracture strain (>3.6%). An analytical mechanics model was established to show that such multiscale reinforcement design remarkably enhanced the load carrying efficiency of the BC fillers, leading to the overall improved mechanical performance of the composites. This new design concept opens up a new path for developing lightweight, yet high-strength and tough materials with multiscale reinforcing configurations.