Unstable Expression and Amplification of a Transfected Oncogene in Confluent and Subconfluent Cells

NIH 3T3 cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the transforming gene, v-src, from Rous sarcoma virus. One of the transformed cell lines isolated reverted to a flat, nontransformed morphology after cloning through soft agar. This cell line did not express the src gene and could no longer grow in soft agar. When these cells were held at confluence, spontaneous foci appeared which eventually covered the dish. The appearance of foci correlated with an increase in v-src gene expression, ability to grow in soft agar, and tumorigenicity in mice. When these transformed cells were trypsinized and held at subconfluence, both v-src expression and the transformed phenotype were progressively lost. Whereas rearrangement of the transfected gene was not detected, the gene copy number in the transformed cells was markedly increased (greater than 50-fold). Confluence-dependent gene amplification and deamplification have been retained after several cycles of growth alternately at high and low density, in cells recloned through soft agar, and after cells had been maintained continuously at high or low density. The results suggest that, in this cell line, reversible gene amplification plays a central role in expression of the transfected gene.