Unusual Manifestation of Live , and in the Gallbladder with Cholecystitis

Culture-independent studies have identified DNA of bacterial pathogens in the gallbladder under pathological conditions, yet reports on the isolation of corresponding live bacteria are rare. Thus, it is unclear which pathogens, or pathogen communities, can colonize the gallbladder and cause disease. Using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, culture techniques, phylogenetic analysis, urease assays and Western blotting, we investigated the presence of live bacterial communities in the gallbladder of a cholecystitis patient after cholecystectomy. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of isolated bacterial colonies revealed the presence of pathogens most closely resembling nov. sp., and . The latter colonies were confirmed as by immunohistochemistry and biochemical methods. cultured from the gallbladder exhibited both the same DNA fingerprinting and Western gene sequence with ABC-type EPIYA (Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala) phosphorylation motifs as isolates recovered from the gastric mucus of the same patient, suggesting that gastric can also colonize other organs in the human body. Taken together, here we report, for the first time, the identification and characterization of a community consisting of live ; , and in the gallbladder of a patient with acute cholecystitis. Their potential infection routes and roles in pathogenesis are discussed.