Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Predictors and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infections Among Drug Users in Three Major Kenyan Cities

Overview

Journal South Afr J HIV Med

Specialty Infectious Diseases

Date 2018 May 1

PMID 29707384

Citations 15

Authors

Micah Oyaro

John Wylie

Chien-Yu Chen

Raphael O Ondondo

Anna Kramvis

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Drug users act as reservoirs and transmission channels for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections to the general population worldwide. Periodic epidemiological studies to monitor the prevalence and genetic diversity of these infections to inform on interventions are limited.

Objective Of The Study: The objective of this study was to determine the predictors of HIV infection and genetic diversity of HBV and HCV among drug users in Kenya.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional study on previous drug use history among drug users was conducted in three Kenyan cities using a respondent-driven sampling method between January 2011 and September 2012. Blood samples were collected and analysed for the presence of HBV, HCV and HIV serological markers and to determine the genotypes of HBV and HCV.

Results: The overall prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV among drug users was 4.3%, 6.5% and 11.1%, respectively, with evidence of HBV/HIV, HCV/HIV and HBV/HCV/HIV co-infections. The HBV circulating genotypes were A1 (69%) and D6 (19%), whereas HCV genotypes were 1a (72%) and 4a (22%). Injection drug use was a significant predictor of HIV/HCV infections. Younger age (30 years; aOR (adjusted odds ratio) = 0.50, 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.33-0.76; < 0.001) and early sexual debut (aOR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.40-0.82; < 0.05) were negatively associated with detection of any of the three infections. Injecting drug use was positively associated with HCV infection (aOR = 5.37, 95% CI: 2.61-11.06; < 0.001).

Conclusion: This high level of genetic diversity exhibited by HBV and HCV isolates requires urgent implementation of harm reduction strategies and continuous monitoring for effective management of the patients.

Citing Articles

The Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus in Kenya: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Makokha G, Bao H, Hayes C, Abuduwaili M, Songok E, Hijikata M J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024; 14(3):677-689.

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A systematic review of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence and genotypes in Kenya: Data to inform clinical care and health policy.

Downs L, Campbell C, Yonga P, Githinji G, Ansari M, Matthews P PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023; 3(1):e0001165.

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The burden of Hepatitis B virus infection in Kenya: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Annison L, Hackman H, Eshun P, Annison S, Forson P, Antwi-Baffour S PLoS One. 2022; 17(11):e0278037.

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In a Real-Life Setting, Direct-Acting Antivirals to People Who Inject Drugs with Chronic Hepatitis C in Turkey.

Sarigul Yildirim F, User U, Sari N, Kurtaran B, Onlen Y, Senates E Turk J Gastroenterol. 2022; 33(11):971-978.

PMID: 36415900 PMC: 9797763. DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2022.21834.

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