Screening of Candidate Biomaterials for Alveolar Augmentation Using a Critical-size Rat Calvaria Defect Model

Objective: To screen candidate biomaterials intended for alveolar augmentation relative to their potential to enhance local bone formation using a routine critical-size (ø8-mm) rat calvaria defect model.

Methods: One hundred and forty male Sprague Dawley outbred rats, age 11-12 weeks, weight 325-375 g, obtained from USDA approved breeder, randomised into 14 groups of 10 animals, each received one of the following treatments: sham-surgery (empty control), Bio-Oss (bovine HA/reference control), or candidate biomaterials including bovine HA, synthetic HA/ß-TCP and calcium phosphate constructs, mineralised/demineralised human bone preparations, a ß-TCP/calcium sulphate and an HA/calcium sulphate putty. A 4-week healing interval was chosen to discern local bone formation using incandescent and polarised light microscopy. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni for pairwise comparisons.

Results: Candidate biomaterials all displayed biocompatibility. They exhibited limited, if any, appreciable bioerosion or biodegradation. No statistically significant differences in mean linear defect closure were observed among experimental groups, sham-surgery displaying the highest score (48.1 ± 24.3%). Sham-surgery also showed a significantly greater bone area fraction than all other groups (19.8 ± 13.9%, p < .001). The HA/calcium sulphate putty showed a significantly greater residual biomaterial area fraction than all other groups (61.1 ± 8.5%, p < .01).

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this animal model, although biocompatible, none of the tested biomaterials enhanced local bone formation beyond the innate regenerative potential of this craniotomy defect.