Attributable Fraction of Influenza Virus Detection to Mild and Severe Respiratory Illnesses in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Patients, South Africa, 2012-2016

Overview

Journal Emerg Infect Dis

Specialty Infectious Diseases

Date 2017 Jun 20

PMID 28628462

Citations 24

Authors

Stefano Tempia

Sibongile Walaza

Jocelyn Moyes

Adam L Cohen

Claire von Mollendorf

Meredith L McMorrow

Florette K Treurnicht

Marietjie Venter

Marthi Pretorius

Orienka Hellferscee

Nicole Wolter

Anne von Gottberg

Athermon Nguweneza

Johanna M McAnerney

Halima Dawood

Ebrahim Variava

Shabir A Madhi

Cheryl Cohen

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The attributable fraction (AF) of influenza virus detection to illness has not been described for patients in different age groups or with different HIV infection statuses. We compared the age group-specific prevalence of influenza virus infection among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute or chronic respiratory illness (SARI and SCRI, respectively) with that among controls, stratified by HIV serostatus. The overall AF for influenza virus detection to illness was 92.6% for ILI, 87.4% for SARI, and 86.2% for SCRI. Among HIV-uninfected patients, the AF for all syndromes was highest among persons <1 and >65 years of age and lowest among persons 25-44 years of age; this trend was not observed among HIV-infected patients. Overall, influenza viruses when detected in patients with ILI, SARI, or SCRI are likely attributable to illness. This finding is particularly likely among children and the elderly irrespective of HIV serostatus and among HIV-infected persons irrespective of age.

Citing Articles

Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents Enrolled in Acute Respiratory Infection Sentinel Surveillance in South Africa, 2020-2022.

Bishop K, Meiring S, Tempia S, von Gottberg A, Wolter N, Kleynhans J Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2024; 18(5):e13300.

PMID: 38666359 PMC: 11046310. DOI: 10.1111/irv.13300.

Changes in Prevalence and Seasonality of Pathogens Identified in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalised Individuals in Rural and Urban Settings in South Africa; 2018-2022.

Davids M, Johnstone S, Mendes A, Brecht G, Avenant T, du Plessis N Viruses. 2024; 16(3).

PMID: 38543769 PMC: 10974059. DOI: 10.3390/v16030404.

The attributable fraction of respiratory syncytial virus among patients of different ages with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory illness in a high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2012-2016.

Moyes J, Tempia S, Walaza S, McMorrow M, Cohen A, Treurnicht F Int J Infect Dis. 2023; 134:71-77.

PMID: 37211271 PMC: 10675839. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.05.009.

The burden of RSV-associated illness in children aged < 5 years, South Africa, 2011 to 2016.

Moyes J, Tempia S, Walaza S, McMorrow M, Treurnicht F, Wolter N BMC Med. 2023; 21(1):139.

PMID: 37038125 PMC: 10088270. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02853-3.

Estimating the cost-effectiveness of maternal vaccination and monoclonal antibodies for respiratory syncytial virus in Kenya and South Africa.

Koltai M, Moyes J, Nyawanda B, Nyiro J, Munywoki P, Tempia S BMC Med. 2023; 21(1):120.

PMID: 37004062 PMC: 10064962. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02806-w.

References

Nair H, Brooks W, Katz M, Roca A, Berkley J, Madhi S . Global burden of respiratory infections due to seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011; 378(9807):1917-30. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61051-9. View

Lafond K, Nair H, Rasooly M, Valente F, Booy R, Rahman M . Global Role and Burden of Influenza in Pediatric Respiratory Hospitalizations, 1982-2012: A Systematic Analysis. PLoS Med. 2016; 13(3):e1001977. PMC: 4807087. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001977. View

McCullers J . Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006; 19(3):571-82. PMC: 1539103. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00058-05. View

Feikin D, Njenga M, Bigogo G, Aura B, Aol G, Audi A . Etiology and Incidence of viral and bacterial acute respiratory illness among older children and adults in rural western Kenya, 2007-2010. PLoS One. 2012; 7(8):e43656. PMC: 3427162. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043656. View

Radin J, Katz M, Tempia S, Talla Nzussouo N, Davis R, Duque J . Influenza surveillance in 15 countries in Africa, 2006-2010. J Infect Dis. 2012; 206 Suppl 1:S14-21. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis606. View

Wolter N, Tempia S, Cohen C, Madhi S, Venter M, Moyes J . High nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density, increased by viral coinfection, is associated with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 2014; 210(10):1649-57. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu326. View

Pretorius M, Madhi S, Cohen C, Naidoo D, Groome M, Moyes J . Respiratory viral coinfections identified by a 10-plex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness--South Africa, 2009-2010. J Infect Dis. 2012; 206 Suppl 1:S159-65. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis538. View

Cohen C, Moyes J, Tempia S, Groome M, Walaza S, Pretorius M . Mortality amongst patients with influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness, South Africa, 2009-2013. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3):e0118884. PMC: 4365037. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118884. View

Klugman K, Chien Y, Madhi S . Pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza: a deadly combination. Vaccine. 2009; 27 Suppl 3:C9-C14. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.007. View

10.

Tempia S, Walaza S, Viboud C, Cohen A, Madhi S, Venter M . Deaths associated with respiratory syncytial and influenza viruses among persons ≥5 years of age in HIV-prevalent area, South Africa, 1998-2009(1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21(4):600-8. PMC: 4378466. DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.141033. View

11.

. Vaccines against influenza WHO position paper – November 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012; 87(47):461-76. View

12.

Cohen C, Moyes J, Tempia S, Groom M, Walaza S, Pretorius M . Severe influenza-associated respiratory infection in high HIV prevalence setting, South Africa, 2009-2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013; 19(11):1766-74. PMC: 3837669. DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.130546. View

13.

Wolter N, Cohen C, Tempia S, Madhi S, Venter M, Moyes J . HIV and influenza virus infections are associated with increased blood pneumococcal load: a prospective, hospital-based observational study in South Africa, 2009-2011. J Infect Dis. 2013; 209(1):56-65. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit427. View

14.

Simonsen L, Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K . Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. J Infect Dis. 1998; 178(1):53-60. DOI: 10.1086/515616. View

15.

Gifford A, Collins R, Timberlake D, Schuster M, Shapiro M, Bozzette S . Propensity of HIV patients to seek urgent and emergent care. HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study Consortium. J Gen Intern Med. 2000; 15(12):833-40. PMC: 1495714. DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.91136.x. View

16.

Deloria-Knoll M, Feikin D, Scott J, OBrien K, DeLuca A, Driscoll A . Identification and selection of cases and controls in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health project. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54 Suppl 2:S117-23. PMC: 3297551. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir1066. View

17.

Goldstein E, Viboud C, Charu V, Lipsitch M . Improving the estimation of influenza-related mortality over a seasonal baseline. Epidemiology. 2012; 23(6):829-38. PMC: 3516362. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31826c2dda. View

18.

Tempia S, Walaza S, Moyes J, Cohen A, von Mollendorf C, Treurnicht F . Risk Factors for Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness Hospitalization in South Africa, 2012-2015. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017; 4(1):ofw262. PMC: 5414019. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw262. View

19.

Morens D, Taubenberger J, Fauci A . Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J Infect Dis. 2008; 198(7):962-70. PMC: 2599911. DOI: 10.1086/591708. View

20.

Moyes J, Cohen C, Pretorius M, Groome M, von Gottberg A, Wolter N . Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African children, 2010-2011. J Infect Dis. 2013; 208 Suppl 3:S217-26. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit479. View