Characterization of Cancer Stem Cell Drug Resistance in the Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines HCT116 and SW480

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share a number of properties with somatic stem cells including heightened protective mechanisms and the ability to self-renew. CSCs are a critical subpopulation of cancer cells implicated in tumor formation, metastases and recurrence.

Methods: We used serial colonosphere culture to enrich for CSCs from two human CRC cell lines. The expression of proposed colorectal CSC markers and multi-drug resistance genes were assessed via flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. Drug resistance gene expression and self-renewal ability were also determined following treatment with the chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil.

Results: Colonosphere culture successfully enriched for a subpopulation of cells with CSC-related gene expression and heightened self-renewal ability, particularly in the SW480 cell line. Chemotherapy treatment significantly reduced sphere formation however a small fraction of cells survived treatment and retained their self-renewal ability.

Conclusions: Our findings support the use of the sphere formation assay to study CSCs. The ability of cells to self-renew following chemotherapy treatment highlights the importance of targeting both the bulk of tumor cells and the CSC population to prevent recurrence in colorectal cancer.