Multi-virion Infectious Units Arise from Free Viral Particles in an Enveloped Virus

Many animal viruses are enveloped in a lipid bilayer taken up from cellular membranes. Because viral surface proteins bind to these membranes to initiate infection, we hypothesized that free virions may also be capable of interacting with the envelopes of other virions extracellularly. Here, we demonstrate this hypothesis in the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a prototypic negative-strand RNA virus composed of an internal ribonucleocapsid, a matrix protein and an external envelope. Using microscopy, dynamic light scattering, differential centrifugation and flow cytometry, we show that free viral particles can spontaneously aggregate into multi-virion infectious units. We also show that, following establishment of these contacts, different viral genetic variants are co-transmitted to the same target cell. Furthermore, virion-virion binding can determine key aspects of viral fitness such as antibody escape. In purified virions, this process is driven by protein-lipid interactions probably involving the VSV surface glycoprotein and phosphatidylserine. Whereas we found that multi-virion complexes occurred unfrequently in standard cell cultures, they were abundant in other fluids such as saliva, a natural VSV shedding route. Our findings contrast with the commonly accepted perception of virions as passive propagules and show the ability of enveloped viruses to establish collective infectious units, which could in turn facilitate the evolution of virus-virus interactions and of social-like traits.