Measuring Mental Well-being in Norway: Validation of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)

Overview

Journal BMC Psychiatry

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Psychiatry

Date 2017 May 14

PMID 28499368

Citations 29

Authors

Otto R F Smith

Daniele E Alves

Marit Knapstad

Ellen Haug

Leif E Aaro

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Mental well-being is an important, yet understudied, area of research, partly due to lack of appropriate population-based measures. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) was developed to meet the needs for such a measure. This article assesses the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the WEMWBS, and its short-version (SWEMWBS) among a sample of primary health care patients who participated in the evaluation of Prompt Mental Health Care (PMHC), a novel Norwegian mental health care program aimed to increase access to treatment for anxiety and depression.

Methods: Forward and back-translations were conducted, and 1168 patients filled out an electronic survey including the WEMWBS, and other mental health scales. The original dataset was randomly divided into a training sample (≈70%) and a validation sample (≈30%). Parallel analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out to assess construct validity and precision. The final models were cross-validated in the validation sample by specifying a model with fixed parameters based on the estimates from the trainings set. Criterion validity and measurement invariance of the (S)WEMWBS were examined as well.

Results: Support was found for the single factor hypothesis in both scales, but similar to previous studies, only after a number of residuals were allowed to correlate (WEMWBS: CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.06, SWEMWBS: CFI = .99; RMSEA = 0.06). Further analyses showed that the correlated residuals did not alter the meaning of the underlying construct and did not substantially affect the associations with other variables. Precision was high for both versions of the WEMWBS (>.80), and scalar measurement invariance was obtained for gender and age group. The final measurement models displayed adequate fit statistics in the validation sample as well. Correlations with other mental health scales were largely in line with expectations. No statistically significant differences were found in mean latent (S)WEMWBS scores for age and gender.

Conclusion: Both WEMWBS scales appear to be valid and precise instruments to measure mental well-being in primary health care patients. The results encourage the use of mental well-being as an outcome in future epidemiological, clinical, and evaluation studies, and may as such be valuable for both research and public health practice.

Citing Articles

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Lam L, Lam M Front Psychiatry. 2025; 16:1528509.

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Four scales measuring mental wellbeing in the Nordic countries: do they tell the same story?.

Aaro L, Smith O, Damsgaard M, Fismen A, Knapstad M, Lyyra N Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2025; 23(1):23.

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The Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS): an Italian validation using confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis.

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