MA Potentiates Sxl Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing for Robust Drosophila Sex Determination

Overview

Journal Nature

Specialty Science

Date 2016 Dec 6

PMID 27919081

Citations 347

Authors

Irmgard U Haussmann

Zsuzsanna Bodi

Eugenio Sanchez-Moran

Nigel P Mongan

Nathan Archer

Rupert G Fray

Matthias Soller

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

N-methyladenosine (mA) is the most common internal modification of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) and is decoded by YTH domain proteins. The mammalian mRNA mA methylosome is a complex of nuclear proteins that includes METTL3 (methyltransferase-like 3), METTL14, WTAP (Wilms tumour 1-associated protein) and KIAA1429. Drosophila has corresponding homologues named Ime4 and KAR4 (Inducer of meiosis 4 and Karyogamy protein 4), and Female-lethal (2)d (Fl(2)d) and Virilizer (Vir). In Drosophila, fl(2)d and vir are required for sex-dependent regulation of alternative splicing of the sex determination factor Sex lethal (Sxl). However, the functions of mA in introns in the regulation of alternative splicing remain uncertain. Here we show that mA is absent in the mRNA of Drosophila lacking Ime4. In contrast to mouse and plant knockout models, Drosophila Ime4-null mutants remain viable, though flightless, and show a sex bias towards maleness. This is because mA is required for female-specific alternative splicing of Sxl, which determines female physiognomy, but also translationally represses male-specific lethal 2 (msl-2) to prevent dosage compensation in females. We further show that the mA reader protein YT521-B decodes mA in the sex-specifically spliced intron of Sxl, as its absence phenocopies Ime4 mutants. Loss of mA also affects alternative splicing of additional genes, predominantly in the 5' untranslated region, and has global effects on the expression of metabolic genes. The requirement of mA and its reader YT521-B for female-specific Sxl alternative splicing reveals that this hitherto enigmatic mRNA modification constitutes an ancient and specific mechanism to adjust levels of gene expression.

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