Comparative Studies on the Skeletogenic Mesenchyme of Echinoids

Skeletogenic mesenchyme cells in echinoids are suitable for studying developmental mechanisms, and have been used extensively. Most of these studies have been performed on species in the order Camarodonta, which are modern echinoids (subclass Euechinoidea) and are considered "model" echinoid species. In contrast, species belonging to other orders are studied less frequently, especially investigations of their molecular developmental biology such as gene regulatory networks. Recent studies on mesenchyme development in non-camarodont species suggest that these species are potential sources of comparative information to elucidate the mechanisms underlying skeletogenic mesenchyme development. In this review, the importance of using comparative data to understand development and evolution is discussed.