Serum Retinol Concentrations, Race, and Socioeconomic Status in of Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

Overview

Journal Nutrients

Date 2016 Aug 23

PMID 27548213

Citations 17

Authors

Corrine Hanson

Elizabeth Lyden

Chad Abresch

Ann Anderson-Berry

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Vitamin A is an essential nutrient during pregnancy and throughout the lifecycle due to its role in the development of critical organ systems. Because maternal tissue is progressively depleted of vitamin A to supply fetal demands, women who become pregnant while possessing marginal vitamin A reserves are at increased risk of vitamin A inadequacy as pregnancy progresses. Few studies have assessed the relationship between socioeconomic factors and retinol status in women of childbearing age.

Methods: We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the relationship between serum retinol concentrations and socioeconomic factors in women of childbearing age. Women 14-45 years of age (n = 3170) from NHANES cycles 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 were included. Serum retinol concentrations were divided into categories according to World Health Organization criteria. All statistical procedures accounted for the weighted data and complex design of the NHANES sample. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The poverty score and race were significantly associated with vitamin A status after adjustment for confounders. Odds of retinol concentrations of <1.05 µmol/L were 1.85 times higher for those of lower socioeconomic status when compared to those of higher status (95% CI: 1.12-3.03, p = 0.02), and 3.1 times higher for non-Hispanic blacks when compared to non-Hispanic whites (95% CI: 1.50-6.41, p = 0.002). Dietary intakes of retinol activity equivalents were significantly lower in groups with higher poverty scores (p = 0.004). Conclusion There appear to be disparities in serum vitamin A levels in women of childbearing age related to income and race in the United States.

Citing Articles

Redefining Neonatal Vitamin A Adequacy and Deficiency Based on Maternal Nutrition: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chongqing, China.

Fan X, Lai X, Miao J, Chen Q, Chen J, Liu H Food Sci Nutr. 2024; 12(11):9777-9787.

PMID: 39619977 PMC: 11606803. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4552.

Age affects the association between socioeconomic status and infertility: a cross-sectional study.

Chen X, Liang J, Yang Q, Huang J, Li L, Deng K BMC Womens Health. 2023; 23(1):675.

PMID: 38115086 PMC: 10729442. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02680-x.

Understanding health disparities affecting people of West Central African descent in the United States: An evolutionary perspective.

Mawson A Evol Appl. 2023; 16(5):963-978.

PMID: 37216026 PMC: 10197229. DOI: 10.1111/eva.13549.

Trends in Dietary Vitamin A Intake Among US Adults by Race and Ethnicity, 2003-2018.

Cheng T, Ferderber C, Kinder B, Wei Y JAMA. 2023; 329(12):1026-1029.

PMID: 36976287 PMC: 10051065. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.0636.

Connecting clinical, environmental, and genetic factors point to an essential role for vitamin A signaling in the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Gilbert R, Gleghorn J Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2023; 324(4):L456-L467.

PMID: 36749917 PMC: 10042603. DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00349.2022.

References

Di Noia J, Contento I, Schinke S . Fat avoidance and replacement behaviors predict low-fat intake among urban African American adolescents. Nutr Res. 2008; 28(6):358-63. PMC: 2515488. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.03.005. View

Stephensen C, Gildengorin G . Serum retinol, the acute phase response, and the apparent misclassification of vitamin A status in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72(5):1170-8. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1170. View

Gorodischer R, Sarov B, Gazala E, Hershkovitz E, Edwardson S, Sklan D . Differences in cord serum retinol concentrations by ethnic origin in the Negev (southern Israel). Early Hum Dev. 1995; 42(2):123-30. DOI: 10.1016/0378-3782(95)01644-i. View

Rai D, Bird J, McBurney M, Chapman-Novakofski K . Nutritional status as assessed by nutrient intakes and biomarkers among women of childbearing age--is the burden of nutrient inadequacies growing in America?. Public Health Nutr. 2014; 18(9):1658-69. PMC: 10271786. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002067. View

Radhika M, Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, Ramalakshmi B, Devi S, Kumar B . Effects of vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy on maternal and child health. BJOG. 2002; 109(6):689-93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01010.x. View

Pilch S . Analysis of vitamin A data from the health and nutrition examination surveys. J Nutr. 1987; 117(4):636-40. DOI: 10.1093/jn/117.4.636. View

Major D, Cadenas M, Fournier L, Leclerc S, Lefebvre M, Cloutier R . Retinol status of newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 1998; 13(8):547-9. DOI: 10.1007/s003830050399. View

Checkley W, West Jr K, Wise R, Baldwin M, Wu L, LeClerq S . Maternal vitamin A supplementation and lung function in offspring. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362(19):1784-94. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907441. View

Zhang B, Zhang T, Lin L, Wang F, Xin R, Gu X . Correlation between birth defects and dietary nutrition status in a high incidence area of China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008; 21(1):37-44. DOI: 10.1016/S0895-3988(08)60005-7. View

10.

Agarwal R, Virmani D, Jaipal M, Gupta S, Toteja G . Vitamin A status of low and normal birth weight infants at birth and in early infancy. Indian Pediatr. 2013; 50(10):951-3. DOI: 10.1007/s13312-013-0257-z. View

11.

Suellentrop K, Morrow B, Williams L, DAngelo D . Monitoring progress toward achieving Maternal and Infant Healthy People 2010 objectives--19 states, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2000-2003. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2006; 55(9):1-11. View

12.

Phares T, Morrow B, Lansky A, Barfield W, Prince C, Marchi K . Surveillance for disparities in maternal health-related behaviors--selected states, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2000-2001. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2004; 53(4):1-13. View

13.

Pan L, Sherry B, Njai R, Blanck H . Food insecurity is associated with obesity among US adults in 12 states. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112(9):1403-1409. PMC: 4584410. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.011. View

14.

Butte N, Calloway D . Proteins, vitamin A, carotene, folacin, ferritin and zinc in Navajo maternal and cord blood. Biol Neonate. 1982; 41(5-6):273-8. DOI: 10.1159/000241562. View

15.

Ruhl R . Non-pro-vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids in atopy development. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013; 161(2):99-115. DOI: 10.1159/000345958. View

16.

Vishwanathan R, Kuchan M, Sen S, Johnson E . Lutein and preterm infants with decreased concentrations of brain carotenoids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014; 59(5):659-65. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000389. View

17.

Sivakumar B, Panth M, Shatrugna V, Raman L . Vitamin A requirements assessed by plasma response to supplementation during pregnancy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(4):232-6. View

18.

Haftel L, Berkovich Z, Reifen R . Elevated milk β-carotene and lycopene after carrot and tomato paste supplementation. Nutrition. 2015; 31(3):443-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.009. View

19.

Dubowitz T, Heron M, Bird C, Lurie N, Finch B, Basurto-Davila R . Neighborhood socioeconomic status and fruit and vegetable intake among whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87(6):1883-91. PMC: 3829689. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1883. View

20.

Satia J . Diet-related disparities: understanding the problem and accelerating solutions. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009; 109(4):610-5. PMC: 2729116. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.019. View