Role of Gut Microbiota in the Modulation of Atherosclerosis-associated Immune Response

Overview

Journal Front Microbiol

Specialty Microbiology

Date 2015 Jul 16

PMID 26175728

Citations 50

Authors

Dmitry A Chistiakov

Yuri V Bobryshev

Emil Kozarov

Igor A Sobenin

Alexander N Orekhov

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Inflammation and metabolic abnormalities are linked to each other. At present, pathogenic inflammatory response was recognized as a major player in metabolic diseases. In humans, intestinal microflora could significantly influence the development of metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis. Commensal bacteria were shown to activate inflammatory pathways through altering lipid metabolism in adipocytes, macrophages, and vascular cells, inducing insulin resistance, and producing trimethylamine-N-oxide. However, gut microbiota could also play the atheroprotective role associated with anthocyanin metabolism and administration of probiotics and their components. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence atherogenesis.

Citing Articles

Targeting gut microbiota to regulate the adaptive immune response in atherosclerosis.

Giakomidi D, Ishola A, Nus M Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025; 12:1502124.

PMID: 39957996 PMC: 11825770. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1502124.

Harnessing Prebiotics to Improve Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes.

Iatcu O, Hamamah S, Covasa M Nutrients. 2024; 16(20).

PMID: 39458444 PMC: 11510484. DOI: 10.3390/nu16203447.

Association between Cardiovascular Risk Assessment by SCORE2 and Diverticulosis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Volkerer A, Wernly S, Semmler G, Flamm M, Radzikowski K, Datz L J Pers Med. 2024; 14(8).

PMID: 39202053 PMC: 11355319. DOI: 10.3390/jpm14080862.

Non-Traditional Risk Factors as Contributors to Cardiovascular Disease.

Wang L, Lei J, Wang R, Li K Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2024; 24(5):134.

PMID: 39076735 PMC: 11273054. DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2405134.

Control of cardiometabolic risk factors and their association with carotid intima media thickness among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-single center experience in a developing country.

Weerarathna T, Lekamwasam S, Kodikara I, Wasana K, Fonseka L Turk J Med Sci. 2024; 54(3):545-554.

PMID: 39050007 PMC: 11265882. DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5821.

References

Cani P, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck A, Delzenne N . Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 2008; 57(6):1470-81. DOI: 10.2337/db07-1403. View

Turnbaugh P, Ley R, Mahowald M, Magrini V, Mardis E, Gordon J . An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006; 444(7122):1027-31. DOI: 10.1038/nature05414. View

Castrillo A, Joseph S, Marathe C, Mangelsdorf D, Tontonoz P . Liver X receptor-dependent repression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278(12):10443-9. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M213071200. View

Sanz Y, Palma G . Gut microbiota and probiotics in modulation of epithelium and gut-associated lymphoid tissue function. Int Rev Immunol. 2009; 28(6):397-413. DOI: 10.3109/08830180903215613. View

Fitzgerald K, Palsson-McDermott E, Bowie A, Jefferies C, Mansell A, Brady G . Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction. Nature. 2001; 413(6851):78-83. DOI: 10.1038/35092578. View

Wang D, Wei X, Yan X, Jin T, Ling W . Protocatechuic acid, a metabolite of anthocyanins, inhibits monocyte adhesion and reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2010; 58(24):12722-8. DOI: 10.1021/jf103427j. View

Jialal I, Rajamani U . Endotoxemia of metabolic syndrome: a pivotal mediator of meta-inflammation. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2014; 12(9):454-6. DOI: 10.1089/met.2014.1504. View

Wang D, Xia M, Yan X, Li D, Wang L, Xu Y . Gut microbiota metabolism of anthocyanin promotes reverse cholesterol transport in mice via repressing miRNA-10b. Circ Res. 2012; 111(8):967-81. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.266502. View

Amar J, Burcelin R, Ruidavets J, Cani P, Fauvel J, Alessi M . Energy intake is associated with endotoxemia in apparently healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87(5):1219-23. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1219. View

10.

Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Stepankova R, Kozakova H, Hudcovic T, Vannucci L, Tuckova L . The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011; 8(2):110-20. PMC: 4003137. DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.67. View

11.

Chamaillard M, Hashimoto M, Horie Y, Masumoto J, Qiu S, Saab L . An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid. Nat Immunol. 2003; 4(7):702-7. DOI: 10.1038/ni945. View

12.

Baker B, Geng S, Chen K, Diao N, Yuan R, Xu X . Alteration of lysosome fusion and low-grade inflammation mediated by super-low-dose endotoxin. J Biol Chem. 2015; 290(10):6670-8. PMC: 4358298. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M114.611442. View

13.

Bensinger S, Bradley M, Joseph S, Zelcer N, Janssen E, Hausner M . LXR signaling couples sterol metabolism to proliferation in the acquired immune response. Cell. 2008; 134(1):97-111. PMC: 2626438. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.052. View

14.

Chen S, Sorrentino R, Shimada K, Bulut Y, Doherty T, Crother T . Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced foam cell formation requires MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling and is reciprocally modulated by liver X receptor activation. J Immunol. 2008; 181(10):7186-93. PMC: 2662697. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7186. View

15.

Ma H, Wang Y, Chang C, Gershwin M, Lian Z . The intestinal microbiota and microenvironment in liver. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 14(3):183-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.013. View

16.

Jarchum I, Pamer E . Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the commensal microbiota. Curr Opin Immunol. 2011; 23(3):353-60. PMC: 3109238. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.001. View

17.

Ghoshal S, Witta J, Zhong J, de Villiers W, Eckhardt E . Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides. J Lipid Res. 2008; 50(1):90-7. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M800156-JLR200. View

18.

Caesar R, Fak F, Backhed F . Effects of gut microbiota on obesity and atherosclerosis via modulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism. J Intern Med. 2010; 268(4):320-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02270.x. View

19.

Stepankova R, Tonar Z, Bartova J, Nedorost L, Rossman P, Poledne R . Absence of microbiota (germ-free conditions) accelerates the atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice fed standard low cholesterol diet. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010; 17(8):796-804. DOI: 10.5551/jat.3285. View

20.

Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Di Leo V, Buda A, Pinzani M, Palu G . Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006; 292(2):G518-25. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00024.2006. View