α-2-macroglobulin in Saliva is Associated with Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Overview

Journal Dis Markers

Publisher Wiley

Specialty Biochemistry

Date 2015 Mar 31

PMID 25821337

Citations 20

Authors

Juan Pablo Aitken

Carolina Ortiz

Irene Morales-Bozo

Gonzalo Rojas-Alcayaga

Mauricio Baeza

Caroll Beltran

Alejandro Escobar

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) require an adequate glycemic control to avoid diabetic complications. Currently, saliva biomarkers are used as a diagnostic tool and can be indicative of the degree of progression and control of various diseases. Several studies indicate that α-2-macroglobulin levels are elevated in diabetic patients.

Methods: 120 subjects with DM2 were enrolled and classified into two groups according to their glycemic control (percentage of glycated hemoglobin-A1c (HbA1c), <7% adequate glycemic control group; >7% inadequate glycemic control group). The relationship between α-2-macroglobulin levels from saliva samples and HbA1c was subsequently evaluated.

Results: We found a positive correlation between α-2-macroglobulin and HbA1c (r = 0.778 and P < 0.0001). Area under the receivers operating characteristic (ROC) curve of α-2-macroglobulin indicated a positive discrimination threshold of α-2-macroglobulin (AUC = 0.903, CI 95%: 0.847-0.959, P < 0.0001) to diagnose glycemic control.

Conclusions: Our data strongly suggest that the level of saliva α-2-macroglobulin is an indicator for the degree of glycemic control in diabetic patients and represents a promising alternative method to evaluate this parameter.

Citing Articles

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Systemic Diseases-A Narrative Review.

Surdu A, Foia L, Luchian I, Trifan D, Tatarciuc M, Scutariu M Medicina (Kaunas). 2025; 61(2).

PMID: 40005360 PMC: 11857487. DOI: 10.3390/medicina61020243.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a driver and therapeutic target for kidney disease.

Byun J, Lebeau P, Trink J, Uppal N, Lanktree M, Krepinsky J Nat Rev Nephrol. 2025; .

PMID: 39988577 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-025-00938-1.

Cytoskeleton Remodeling-Related Proteins Represent a Specific Salivary Signature in PSC Patients.

Ceccherini E, Morlando A, Norelli F, Coco B, Bellini M, Brunetto M Molecules. 2024; 29(23).

PMID: 39683940 PMC: 11643721. DOI: 10.3390/molecules29235783.

Toward Digital Periodontal Health: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.

Soheili F, Delfan N, Masoudifar N, Ebrahimni S, Moshiri B, Glogauer M Bioengineering (Basel). 2024; 11(9).

PMID: 39329678 PMC: 11428937. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11090937.

Proteomics Clustering Research of ITRAQ Markers in Plasma of AIDS Patients with Different Chinese Medicine Syndromes.

Zhang H, Qiu Q, Li Q, Feng L, Li D, Zhang M Iran J Public Health. 2024; 53(2):376-386.

PMID: 38894847 PMC: 11182475. DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v53i2.14922.

References

Ertugrul A, Sahin H, Dikilitas A, Alpaslan N, Bozoglan A . Evaluation of beta-2 microglobulin and alpha-2 macroglobulin levels in patients with different periodontal diseases. Aust Dent J. 2013; 58(2):170-5. DOI: 10.1111/adj.12022. View

Gray R, JAMES K, Merriman J, Starkey I, Elton R, CLARKE B . Alpha 2-macroglobulin and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 1982; 14(8):389-92. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1019026. View

Strauss S, Tuthill J, Singh G, Rindskopf D, Maggiore J, Schoor R . A novel intraoral diabetes screening approach in periodontal patients: results of a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2011; 83(6):699-706. PMC: 3356789. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110386. View

Domjan A, Kakuk P, Sandor J . [The Helsinki Declaration at 50 years: comments on the 2013 modifications]. Lege Artis Med. 2014; 24(3):152-8. View

Bascones-Martinez A, Munoz-Corcuera M, Bascones-Ilundain J . [Diabetes and periodontitis: A bidirectional relationship]. Med Clin (Barc). 2014; 145(1):31-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2014.07.019. View

Rosedale M, Strauss S . Diabetes screening at the periodontal visit: patient and provider experiences with two screening approaches. Int J Dent Hyg. 2012; 10(4):250-8. PMC: 3469730. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00542.x. View

Soman S, Manju C, Rauf A, Indira M, Rajamanickam C . Role of cardiac isoform of alpha-2 macroglobulin in diabetic myocardium. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010; 350(1-2):229-35. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0702-4. View

Rao P, Reddy A, Lu X, Dasari S, Krishnaprasad A, Biggs E . Proteomic identification of salivary biomarkers of type-2 diabetes. J Proteome Res. 2009; 8(1):239-45. DOI: 10.1021/pr8003776. View

Eliasson L, Carlen A . An update on minor salivary gland secretions. Eur J Oral Sci. 2010; 118(5):435-42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00766.x. View

10.

Strauss S, Rosedale M, Pesce M, Juterbock C, Kaur N, DePaola J . Point-of-Care HbA1c Testing with the A1cNow Test Kit in General Practice Dental Clinics: A Pilot Study Involving Its Accuracy and Practical Issues in Its Use. Point Care. 2015; 13(4):142-147. PMC: 4290166. DOI: 10.1097/POC.0000000000000039. View

11.

Pucher J, Stewart J . Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2004; 4(1):46-50. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-004-0011-y. View

12.

Rohlfing C, Wiedmeyer H, Little R, England J, Tennill A, Goldstein D . Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25(2):275-8. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.2.275. View

13.

Schafer C, Schafer J, Yakob M, Lima P, Camargo P, Wong D . Saliva diagnostics: utilizing oral fluids to determine health status. Monogr Oral Sci. 2014; 24:88-98. DOI: 10.1159/000358791. View

14.

Border M, Schwartz S, Carlson J, Dibble C, Kohltfarber H, Offenbacher S . Exploring salivary proteomes in edentulous patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Biosyst. 2012; 8(4):1304-10. DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05079j. View

15.

Takada T, Kodera Y, Matsubara M, Kawashima Y, Maeda T, Fujita Y . Serum monomeric α2-macroglobulin as a clinical biomarker in diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2013; 228(1):270-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.035. View

16.

Hu F . Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34(6):1249-57. PMC: 3114340. DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0442. View

17.

Bencharit S, Baxter S, Carlson J, Byrd W, Mayo M, Border M . Salivary proteins associated with hyperglycemia in diabetes: a proteomic analysis. Mol Biosyst. 2013; 9(11):2785-97. PMC: 3888809. DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70196d. View

18.

Little R, Sacks D . HbA1c: how do we measure it and what does it mean?. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2009; 16(2):113-8. DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e328327728d. View

19.

. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2010. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33 Suppl 1:S11-61. PMC: 2797382. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-S011. View

20.

Turecky L, Kupcova V, Szantova M . [Alpha 2-macroglobulin in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus]. Bratisl Lek Listy. 1999; 100(1):25-7. View