Determinants of Vitamin D Levels in Italian Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Cholecalciferol Supplementation Versus the Improvement of Factors Influencing 25(OH)D Status

Overview

Journal Int J Endocrinol

Publisher Wiley

Specialty Endocrinology

Date 2014 Dec 2

PMID 25435877

Citations 16

Authors

Stefano Stagi

Paola Pelosi

Massimo Strano

Giovanni Poggi

Cristina Manoni

Maurizio de Martino

Salvatore Seminara

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective. This paper aims to assess 25(OH)D levels in Italian children and adolescents identifying risk factors for 25(OH)D deficiency and to evaluate whether a normal 25(OH)D value can be restored in 25(OH)D-deficient patients. Methods. We evaluated 25(OH)D levels in 679 Italian children and adolescents (≤10, 11-20, 21-30, and >30 ng/mL were defined as severe deficiency, deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency, resp.). Of these, 365 25(OH)D-deficient were followed up for 1 year; 205 were treated with cholecalciferol (Arm A: 400 I.U.) and 160 by improving the environmental variables influencing 25(OH)D levels (Arm B). Results. At cross-sectional evaluation, 11.3% showed sufficiency, 30.0% insufficiency, and 58.7% 25(OH)D deficiency. Mean 25(OH)D was 19.08 ± 8.44 ng/mL. At the enrollment time (T 0), no difference was found between Arms A and B with respect to distribution and 25(OH)D levels. At end time (T 1) 26.0% (29.7% in Arm A versus 20.6% in Arm B) showed sufficiency, 38.4% (42.0% versus 34.4%) insufficiency, and 35.6% (28.3% versus 45.0%) 25(OH)D deficiency. Mean 25(OH)D level was 23.71 ± 6.83 ng/mL. Conclusions. Neither changes of lifestyle nor 400 I.U. cholecalciferol supplementation alone appears to be sufficient to restore adequate 25(OH)D levels.

Citing Articles

Mini-Review on Vitamin D in Pediatric Population and its Role in Respiratory and Atopic Disorders.

Indolfi C, Klain A, Dinardo G, Decimo F, Marrapodi M, Licari A Mini Rev Med Chem. 2024; 24(15):1386-1394.

PMID: 38415448 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575284873240212045431.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Vitamin D Status in a Large Cohort of Italian Children and Adolescents.

Antonucci R, Vacca N, Biasia B, Locci C, Dore M, Pes G Medicina (Kaunas). 2024; 60(1).

PMID: 38256326 PMC: 10819361. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010065.

Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study.

Rastad H, Mahdavi Gorabi A, Qorbani M, Seif E, Asayesh H, Motlagh M J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021; 20(1):383-389.

PMID: 34178846 PMC: 8212331. DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00757-8.

Seasonal Changes in Vitamin D Levels of Healthy Children in Mid-Latitude, Asian Urban Area.

Won J, Jung S, Jung I, Lee Y Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2021; 24(2):207-217.

PMID: 33833976 PMC: 8007836. DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2021.24.2.207.

The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections.

Pecora F, Persico F, Argentiero A, Neglia C, Esposito S Nutrients. 2020; 12(10).

PMID: 33092041 PMC: 7589163. DOI: 10.3390/nu12103198.

References

Vierucci F, Del Pistoia M, Fanos M, Gori M, Carlone G, Erba P . Vitamin D status and predictors of hypovitaminosis D in Italian children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Pediatr. 2013; 172(12):1607-17. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2119-z. View

Wagner C, Greer F . Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008; 122(5):1142-52. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1862. View

Vierucci F, Del Pistoia M, Fanos M, Erba P, Saggese G . Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and predictors of vitamin D status in Italian healthy adolescents. Ital J Pediatr. 2014; 40:54. PMC: 4064504. DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-40-54. View

Mose F, Vase H, Larsen T, Kancir A, Kosierkiewic R, Jonczy B . Cardiovascular effects of cholecalciferol treatment in dialysis patients--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nephrol. 2014; 15:50. PMC: 3994388. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-50. View

Marrone G, Rosso I, Moretti R, Valent F, Romanello C . Is vitamin D status known among children living in Northern Italy?. Eur J Nutr. 2011; 51(2):143-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0200-9. View

Holick M . Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(3):266-81. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553. View

Rovner A, OBrien K . Hypovitaminosis D among healthy children in the United States: a review of the current evidence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008; 162(6):513-9. DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.162.6.513. View

Holick M . Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(6 Suppl):1678S-88S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S. View

Al-Othman A, Al-Musharaf S, Al-Daghri N, Krishnaswamy S, Yusuf D, Alkharfy K . Effect of physical activity and sun exposure on vitamin D status of Saudi children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2012; 12:92. PMC: 3407533. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-92. View

10.

Gartner L, Greer F . Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake. Pediatrics. 2003; 111(4 Pt 1):908-10. DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.4.908. View

11.

Raimundo F, Lang M, Scopel L, Marcondes N, Araujo M, Faulhaber G . Effect of fat on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels after a single oral dose of vitamin D in young healthy adults: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr. 2014; 54(3):391-6. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0718-8. View

12.

Webb A, Pilbeam C, Hanafin N, Holick M . An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 51(6):1075-81. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/51.6.1075. View

13.

Callaghan A, Moy R, Booth I, Debelle G, Shaw N . Incidence of symptomatic vitamin D deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 2006; 91(7):606-7. PMC: 2082851. DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.095075. View

14.

Shroff R, Wan M, Gullett A, Ledermann S, Shute R, Knott C . Ergocalciferol supplementation in children with CKD delays the onset of secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012; 7(2):216-23. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.04760511. View

15.

Pappa H, Mitchell P, Jiang H, Kassiff S, Filip-Dhima R, DiFabio D . Maintenance of optimal vitamin D status in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized clinical trial comparing two regimens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99(9):3408-17. PMC: 4154083. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4218. View

16.

Stagi S, Bertini F, Cavalli L, Matucci-Cerinic M, Brandi M, Falcini F . Determinants of vitamin D levels in children, adolescents, and young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2014; 41(9):1884-92. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131421. View

17.

Stagi S, Lapi E, Gambineri E, Manoni C, Genuardi M, Colarusso G . Bone density and metabolism in subjects with microdeletion of chromosome 22q11 (del22q11). Eur J Endocrinol. 2010; 163(2):329-37. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-10-0167. View

18.

Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, Spada E, Bona G, Cavallo L . Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr). J Endocrinol Invest. 2006; 29(7):581-93. DOI: 10.1007/BF03344156. View

19.

Gerdhem P, Ringsberg K, Obrant K, Akesson K . Association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, physical activity, muscle strength and fractures in the prospective population-based OPRA Study of Elderly Women. Osteoporos Int. 2005; 16(11):1425-31. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-1860-1. View

20.

Dalbeni A, Scaturro G, Degan M, Minuz P, Delva P . Effects of six months of vitamin D supplementation in patients with heart failure: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014; 24(8):861-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.02.015. View