Endocytosis and Exocytosis of Nanoparticles in Mammalian Cells

Overview

Journal Int J Nanomedicine

Publisher Dove Medical Press

Specialty Biotechnology

Date 2014 May 30

PMID 24872703

Citations 383

Authors

Nuri Oh

Ji-Ho Park

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Engineered nanoparticles that can be injected into the human body hold tremendous potential to detect and treat complex diseases. Understanding of the endocytosis and exocytosis mechanisms of nanoparticles is essential for safe and efficient therapeutic application. In particular, exocytosis is of significance in the removal of nanoparticles with drugs and contrast agents from the body, while endocytosis is of great importance for the targeting of nanoparticles in disease sites. Here, we review the recent research on the endocytosis and exocytosis of functionalized nanoparticles based on various sizes, shapes, and surface chemistries. We believe that this review contributes to the design of safe nanoparticles that can efficiently enter and leave human cells and tissues.

Citing Articles

Microplastics in Agricultural Crops and Their Possible Impact on Farmers' Health: A Review.

Masciarelli E, Casorri L, Di Luigi M, Beni C, Valentini M, Costantini E Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025; 22(1).

PMID: 39857498 PMC: 11765068. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22010045.

Effect of microencapsulated Fiber2-displaying probiotics loaded with inulin nanoparticles on immunity against fowl adenovirus serotype 4 in chickens.

Wang B, Tian M, Yang Y, Jia Z, Anjum F, Ma C Poult Sci. 2025; 104(2):104762.

PMID: 39778367 PMC: 11761919. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104762.

Nanotherapeutics for Macrophage Network Modulation in Tumor Microenvironments: Targets and Tools.

Li R, Huang J, Wei Y, Wang Y, Lu C, Liu J Int J Nanomedicine. 2024; 19:13615-13651.

PMID: 39717515 PMC: 11665441. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S491573.

Enhancing Proton Therapy Efficacy Through Nanoparticle-Mediated Radiosensitization.

Ma J, Shen H, Mi Z Cells. 2024; 13(22).

PMID: 39594590 PMC: 11593106. DOI: 10.3390/cells13221841.

Multifaceted Aquatic Environmental Differences between Nanoplastics and Microplastics: Behavior and Fate.

Wang S, Al-Hasni N, Liu Z, Liu A Environ Health (Wash). 2024; 2(10):688-701.

PMID: 39474438 PMC: 11503666. DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.4c00013.

References

He C, Hu Y, Yin L, Tang C, Yin C . Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010; 31(13):3657-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.065. View

Vonarbourg A, Passirani C, Saulnier P, Simard P, Leroux J, Benoit J . Evaluation of pegylated lipid nanocapsules versus complement system activation and macrophage uptake. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2006; 78(3):620-8. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30711. View

Bartczak D, Nitti S, Millar T, Kanaras A . Exocytosis of peptide functionalized gold nanoparticles in endothelial cells. Nanoscale. 2012; 4(15):4470-2. DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31064c. View

Champion J, Walker A, Mitragotri S . Role of particle size in phagocytosis of polymeric microspheres. Pharm Res. 2008; 25(8):1815-21. PMC: 2793372. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9562-y. View

Tsai C, Lu S, Hu C, Yeh C, Lee G, Lei H . Size-dependent attenuation of TLR9 signaling by gold nanoparticles in macrophages. J Immunol. 2011; 188(1):68-76. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100344. View

Pelkmans L, Kartenbeck J, Helenius A . Caveolar endocytosis of simian virus 40 reveals a new two-step vesicular-transport pathway to the ER. Nat Cell Biol. 2001; 3(5):473-83. DOI: 10.1038/35074539. View

Jain R, Stylianopoulos T . Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2010; 7(11):653-64. PMC: 3065247. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.139. View

Woolf T, Roux B . Structure, energetics, and dynamics of lipid-protein interactions: A molecular dynamics study of the gramicidin A channel in a DMPC bilayer. Proteins. 1996; 24(1):92-114. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199601)24:1<92::AID-PROT7>3.0.CO;2-Q. View

Cho E, Xie J, Wurm P, Xia Y . Understanding the role of surface charges in cellular adsorption versus internalization by selectively removing gold nanoparticles on the cell surface with a I2/KI etchant. Nano Lett. 2009; 9(3):1080-4. DOI: 10.1021/nl803487r. View

10.

Choi H, Liu W, Misra P, Tanaka E, Zimmer J, Ipe B . Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol. 2007; 25(10):1165-70. PMC: 2702539. DOI: 10.1038/nbt1340. View

11.

Chithrani B, Ghazani A, Chan W . Determining the size and shape dependence of gold nanoparticle uptake into mammalian cells. Nano Lett. 2006; 6(4):662-8. DOI: 10.1021/nl052396o. View

12.

Panyam J, Labhasetwar V . Dynamics of endocytosis and exocytosis of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharm Res. 2003; 20(2):212-20. DOI: 10.1023/a:1022219003551. View

13.

Jin H, Heller D, Sharma R, Strano M . Size-dependent cellular uptake and expulsion of single-walled carbon nanotubes: single particle tracking and a generic uptake model for nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2009; 3(1):149-58. DOI: 10.1021/nn800532m. View

14.

Franca A, Aggarwal P, Barsov E, Kozlov S, Dobrovolskaia M, Gonzalez-Fernandez A . Macrophage scavenger receptor A mediates the uptake of gold colloids by macrophages in vitro. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2011; 6(7):1175-88. PMC: 3912350. DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.41. View

15.

Dobrovolskaia M, McNeil S . Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008; 2(8):469-78. DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.223. View

16.

Gillich T, Acikgoz C, Isa L, Schluter A, Spencer N, Textor M . PEG-stabilized core-shell nanoparticles: impact of linear versus dendritic polymer shell architecture on colloidal properties and the reversibility of temperature-induced aggregation. ACS Nano. 2012; 7(1):316-29. DOI: 10.1021/nn304045q. View

17.

Ehrenberg M, Friedman A, Finkelstein J, Oberdorster G, McGrath J . The influence of protein adsorption on nanoparticle association with cultured endothelial cells. Biomaterials. 2008; 30(4):603-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.050. View

18.

Moghimi S . Re-establishing the long circulatory behaviour of poloxamine-coated particles after repeated intravenous administration: applications in cancer drug delivery and imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999; 1472(1-2):399-403. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00157-9. View

19.

Jiang W, Kim B, Rutka J, Chan W . Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent. Nat Nanotechnol. 2008; 3(3):145-50. DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.30. View

20.

Tomatis M, Turci F, Ceschino R, Riganti C, Gazzano E, Martra G . High aspect ratio materials: role of surface chemistry vs. length in the historical "long and short amosite asbestos fibers". Inhal Toxicol. 2010; 22(12):984-98. DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.504243. View