Risk Factors for the Introduction of Avian Influenza Virus in Breeder Duck Flocks During the First 24 Weeks of Laying

A study was carried out in French breeder duck flocks in 2008 and 2009 to identify practices and events related to the introduction of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The status of flocks was assessed using serological methods for all subtypes of AIV without typing. Flocks managed with both natural mating and artificial insemination were investigated every 4 weeks from the beginning of the laying period up to seroconversion or for a maximum of 6 months. A questionnaire was completed with the farmer during each visit and 20 female ducks were randomly sampled for blood testing. Only flocks that tested seronegative at the first visit were included in the study (n =151 flocks managed with natural mating or artificial insemination). Data were analysed using survival analysis to identify factors influencing the time to seroconversion. Three separate models were constructed: one for the whole sample, one for natural mating flocks, and one for artificial insemination flocks. Factors related to the time to introduction of AIV included the type of production system linked to artificial insemination practices, the neighbourhood, poor disinfection practices, liquid manure management, presence of wildlife, and vehicles entering the building. No clear relationship could be observed in the serological status of male and female ducks in farms keeping male ducks separately from female ducks for artificial insemination. By respecting carefully biosecurity measures, it should be possible to decrease AIV infection of breeder duck flocks.