The Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor N-terminal Region Contains an Anion Binding Site That is Targeted by Disease Mutations

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are calcium release channels located in the membrane of the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum and play a major role in muscle excitation-contraction coupling. The cardiac isoform (RyR2) is the target for >150 mutations that cause catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and other conditions. Here, we present the crystal structure of the N-terminal region of RyR2 (1-547), an area encompassing 29 distinct disease mutations. The protein folds up in three individual domains, which are held together via a central chloride anion that shields repulsive positive charges. Several disease mutant versions of the construct drastically destabilize the protein. The R420Q disease mutant causes CPVT and ablates chloride binding. The mutation results in reorientations of the first two domains relative to the third domain. These conformational changes likely activate the channel by destabilizing intersubunit interactions that are disrupted upon channel opening.